<p>The Boll Weevil Monument in downtown Enterprise, Alabama, United States is a prominent landmark and tribute erected by the citizens of Enterprise in 1919 to show their appreciation to an insect, the boll weevil, for its profound influence on the areas agriculture and economy. Hailing the beetle as a "herald of prosperity," it stands as the worlds first monument built to honor an agricultural pest.</p><br>
<p>The Monument consists of a statue of a woman holding a pedestal with a boll weevil perched on top.</p><br>
<h2>Story</h2><br>
<p>The boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) was indigenous to Mexico, but appeared in Alabama in 1915. By 1918 farmers were losing whole cotton crops to the beetle. H. M. Sessions saw this as an opportunity to convert the area to peanut farming. In 1916 he convinced C. W. Baston, an indebted farmer, to back his venture. The first crop paid off their debts and was bought by farmers seeking to change to peanut farming. Cotton was grown again, but farmers learned to diversify their crops, a practice which brought new money to Coffee County.</p><br>
<p>Bon Fleming, a local businessman, came up with the idea to build the monument, and helped to finance the cost. As a tribute to how something disastrous can be a catalyst for change, and a reminder of how the people of Enterprise adjusted in the face of adversity, the monument was dedicated on December 11, 1919 at the intersection of College and Main Street, the heart of the town&#39;s business district.</p><br>
<h3>Description</h3><br>
<p>The monument depicts a female figure in a flowing gown with arms stretched above her head. She raises high a trophy topped by an enlarged-scale boll weevil. The statue stands atop an ornately detailed base which supports two round streetlamps. The base stands in the center of a fountain, which is surrounded by a wrought-iron railing. The monument stands more than 13 ft tall.</p><br>
<p>At the base of the monument appears the following inscription:</p><br>
<p>"In profound appreciation of the Boll Weevil and what it has done as the herald of prosperity this monument was erected by the citizens of Enterprise, Coffee County, Alabama."</p><br>
<p>The original statue of the woman, excluding the fountain and boll weevil, was built in Italy for approximately $1,800. The boll weevil was not added until thirty years later, when Luther Baker thought the Boll Weevil Monument should have a boll weevil on it. He made the boll weevil and mounted it atop the statue.</p><br>
<h3>Vandalism</h3><br>
<p>The boll weevil, and sometimes even the entire monument, has been stolen many times throughout the years. Each time it was found and repaired by the city of Enterprise until July 11, 1998. On that day vandals ripped the boll weevil out of the statues hands and permanently damaged the statue. City leaders were going to repair the original statue and put it back, but it proved too difficult and costly. A polymer-resin replica was erected in its place in downtown Enterprise in 1998, and the original is on display at Enterprises Depot Museum, a few hundred feet away at 106 Railroad Street. There is a security camera nearby that monitors the monument for further vandalism.</p><br>
<p>Atomizer Geyser is a cone geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin  of Yellowstone National Park in the United States. Atomizer Geyser is part of the Old Road Group which includes Artemisia Geyser, a short distance down the Firehole River from Old Faithful and other major Upper Basin geysers. The geyser is named for a fine mist resembling the spray from an atomizer that is ejected during major eruptions.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Atomizer has two 3 foot (1 m) tall cones. One of the cones is the jetting cone from which all water jets come. The other cone sprays a fine mist during major eruptions, giving the geyser its name. The geyser erupts in series. The series consists of three to five minor eruptions and one major eruption. Minor eruptions last about one minute and reach to 30 ft. Major eruptions last 8 to 10 minutes and reach 40 to 50 ft. Major eruptions have a steam phase following the water phase.</p><br>
<p>Atomizer overflows its pool every few minutes for two to four hours until the first minor eruption occurs. Six to eight minor eruptions occur about one hour apart. Between 15 minutes and 1½ hours after the last minor eruption, the major eruption will begin. After a major eruption, the water pool takes about six hours to refill.</p><br>
<p>Chili Gulch  is a gulch in Calaveras County, California. This five-mile gulch was the richest placer mining section in Calaveras County. It received its name from Chileans who worked it in 1848 and 1849, and was the scene of the so-called Chilean War. The largest known quartz crystals were recovered from a mine on the south side of the gulch.</p><br>
<p>Chili Gulch is registered as California Historical Landmark #265.</p><br>
<h2>Chilean War</h2><br>
<p>In December 1849, American miners in Calaveras County drew up a local mining code that called for all foreign miners to leave the country within 15 days, leading to much protest and violence. The so-called "Chilean War" resulted in several deaths and the expulsion of Chilean miners from their claims. Accounts vary widely about the details, with some including mention of Joaquin Murrieta&#39;s involvement on the side of the Chileans. The events in Calaveras County projected the Murietta legend into the politics of Chile where anti-American politicians used it to garner votes.</p><br>
<p>Puncak Trikora, until 1963 Wilhelmina Peak, is a 4,730 or 4,750 m mountain in the Papua province of Indonesia on New Guinea. It lies in the eastern part of the Sudirman  Range of the Maoke Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Behind Puncak Jaya (Carstensz Pyramid) at 4,884 m, it is either the second or third highest mountain on the island of New Guinea and the Australasian continent. As such it appears on some Seven Second Summits lists, although SRTM-data support that Puncak Mandala (Juliana Peak) in the Jayawijaya (Orange) Range is higher with 4,760 m.</p><br>
<h2>Glaciation</h2><br>
<p>At the beginning of the 20th century all the highest mountains in New Guinea, including Puncak Jaya (Carstensz Pyramid), Puncak Mandala (Juliana Peak), Ngga Pilimsit (Idenburg) and Puncak Trikora (Wilhelmina Peak), were covered by glaciers. The first expeditions to Maoke Mountains documented a strong recent retreat of all glaciers in the area. The ice cap of Puncak Trikora melted between 1936 and 1962. In 1909 the ice cap still reached as low as 4,400 m.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Puncak Trikora is a high point on the central range (Sudirman (Nassau) Range), which was created in the late Miocene Melanesian orogeny,</p><br>
<p>caused by oblique collision between the Australian and Pacific plates and is made of middle Miocene limestones.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The navigable Noord River made the mountain more accessible than the other snow-covered peaks of Dutch New Guinea and the Dutch organized a series of scientific expeditions in the early 20th century to reach the equatorial eternal snow and climb the mountain. The leader of the first two expeditions was the diplomat and amateur biologist H.A. Lorentz. Each expedition was accompanied by soldiers, porters and dayaks, who were employed for their expertise with boat journeys.</p><br>
<p>In July 1907, the first expedition established Camp Alkmaar near where the Noord River, since 1910 known as the Lorentz River, became unnavigable (4&deg;40&prime;S latitude, 138&deg;42&prime;E longitude), but was unsuccessful in penetrating to the highest mountain range. The Second South New Guinea Expedition also used Camp Alkmaar, from where it left on October 9, 1909. A group of nine, including Lorentz and Jan Willem van Nouhuys, were the first to reach the eternal snow of New Guinea at a height of 4,460 m on November 8, 1909. From the ridge they observed a large lake to the north, which Lorentz named Lake Habbema (4&deg;08&prime;S latitude, 138&deg;40&prime;E longitude), after a member of the expedition. No attempt was made to reach the Wilhelmina summit. The return trip was severe; with a loss of four expedition members, the explorers finally returned to Camp Alkmaar in mid-December.</p><br>
<p>The summit was first reached in 1913 during the Third South New Guinea Expedition, which lasted from September 1912 to April 1913 and followed the same route. It was led by Alphons Franssen Herderschee, an officer of the Royal Dutch East Indies Leger (Koninklijk Nederlandsch-Indisch Leger), and its aim was to research the soils, flora and fauna of the region that lay above 2,300 metres. Other expedition members were the zoologist Gerard Martinus Versteeg, the botanist August Adriaan Pulle, the geologist Paul François Hubrecht, and J.B. Sitanala, an Indonesian GP. Herderschee also took over the role of ethnographer. Including soldiers, porters and dayaks, the baggage train had 241 members. They were divided up into several groups in order to carry out the different tasks in a time-effective way. Herderschee, Hubrecht and Versteeg formed the summit team, which reached the Wilhelminatop on 21 February 1913.</p><br>
<p>The 1920-1922 Central New Guinea Expedition had as goal to reach the mountain from the north coast over a route partially explored in a 1914 military expedition. On February 7, 1920 the first exploration, under leadership of A.J.A. van Overeem started at the mouth of the Mamberamo and followed the Idenburg River. In October, they had climbed across the Doorman Mtns and reached the upper Swart Valley (now Toli Valley). Here they made first contact with the Lani people (a.k.a. the Western Dani people), an agricultural people with whom they stayed for six weeks. Running out of time and food provisions, this expedition returned without climbing Wilhelmina.</p><br>
<p>A follow-up expedition starting in June 1921 and led by J.H.G. Kremer, who was surveyor the previous year, retraced the route, and via the upper Baliem Valley and Lake Habbema reached the summit on 4 December 1921. Among the ascendants was Paul Hubrecht, who had been on the top in 1913 and noticed that the ice cap had retreated considerably since 8 years before.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The Dani living near lake Habbema call the mountain Ettiakup. Around 1905 the mountain was named after the Dutch Queen Wilhelmina. When Indonesia obtained control of West New Guinea in 1963 it changed the name of the mountain to Puncak Trikora, after the Trikora (Tri Komando Rakyat, "People’s Triple Command") speech by Sukarno given in December 1961 at a mass meeting in Yogyakarta. The three commands were: to defeat the formation of an independent state of West Papua, raise the Indonesian flag in that country, and be ready for mobilization at any time.</p><br>
<p>Cayuta Lake is a small lake located in Schuyler County, New York, United States. It is within the Town of Catharine, about 3 mi north of Odessa. The lake is also referred to locally as Little Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Name origin</h2><br>
<p>The name "Cayuta" is of Native American origin, and is shared with a nearby stream, town, and hamlet. The name may have been derived from the word geihate ("a river"), or it may be a corrupted form of kanyatiye ("a lake"). Additional possibilities for the name&#39;s origin include keunton ("prickly ash") or an abbreviated form of kayahtane ("mosquito"). The lake was also known to Native Americans as Ganiatarenge ("at the lake").</p><br>
<p>By legend the lake is named after a Seneca princess, who was kidnapped by another tribe, causing her mother&#39;s tears to form the lake. An older spelling, still sometimes used, is "Kayutah".</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Cayuta Lake is an approximately 2 mi lake with a surface area of about 380 acre. It reaches a maximum depth of 26 ft and has an average depth of 14 ft.</p><br>
<p>The lake is linked to the Susquehanna River by Cayuta Creek, which flows out the south end of the lake. A major feeder stream for Cayuta Lake is Cayuta Lake Inlet, which enters the lake through a marsh area on the north end. Much of this northern shore of the lake is within the Allen Preserve.</p><br>
<p>Cayuta Lake contains a heavy growth of submerged aquatic vegetation along most all shoreline areas, but especially in the shallow water near the south end of the lake. Fish species include walleye, chain pickerel, largemouth bass, yellow perch, bluegill, pumpkinseed, black crappie, rock bass, brown bullhead, chubsucker, golden shiner, white sucker, common carp.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>Cayuta Lake provides warmwater fishing opportunities. Largemouth bass and chain pickerel are the primary predators found in the lake. A recent angler survey revealed largemouth bass 5 lb and larger are occasionally caught. In addition to bass and pickerel, walleye populations provide added diversity to angler catches. Bluegills, yellow perch, and black crappie are plentiful and dominate the panfish catch. In addition to the open water fishery, ice fishing opportunities exist within Cayuta Lake with anglers targeting pickerel and panfish species.</p><br>
<p>In the past, a small, naturally occurring walleye population has periodically been supplemented with hatchery-reared fish resulting in a sizeable walleye fishery. However, an abundant alewife population has negatively impacted both walleye recruitment and angler success for walleye with only a few anglers catching an occasional large walleye. More recently, a research project looking at controlling alewife populations from a predator level resulted in the stocking of over 250,000 walleye fingerlings over a 5-year period ending in 2006. Although the desired results have not yet been achieved, these fish have reached the 18 in minimum size limit and are quite abundant, but still difficult to catch.</p><br>
<h3>Access</h3><br>
<p>Much of the shoreline is private property, however a state-owned public boat launch is located on the north end of Cayuta Lake on Loch Heid Road off of Cayutaville Road. There is a concrete ramp, seasonal dock, and parking for 15 cars and trailers.</p><br>
<p>Lake Cowal is the largest inland lake in New South Wales, Australia. The lake is ephemeral, being fed by the small Bland Creek and by the occasional flooding of the Lachlan River. Despite this, it retains a considerable amount of water in about 70% of years.</p><br>
<h2>Biodiversity</h2><br>
<p>Lake Cowal is situated 47 km North East of West Wyalong and is home to a variety of endangered species. Some of these species include:</p><br>
<p>Australian pillwort</p><br>
<p>Australasian bittern</p><br>
<p>Black-necked stork</p><br>
<p>Blue-billed duck</p><br>
<p>Freshwater catfish (protected)</p><br>
<p>Macquarie perch (protected)</p><br>
<p>The lake is on the Register of the National Estate and in the Directory of Important Wetlands, and it is listed as a Landscape Conservation Area by the National Trust of Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Mineral resources and mining</h2><br>
<p>The area surrounding the lake is rich in minerals - especially gold - and is currently being mined by Evolution Mining. Barrick Gold sold the Cowal Mine to Evolution Mining in 2015 for AU$550m. There is concern among environmental groups and the local Wiradjuri Aboriginal people that the cyanide used in the mining process prior to 2007 could lead to the contamination of the lake. The area was explored for gold in the 1980s and 1990s by North Limited, a subsidiary of Rio Tinto Group.</p><br>
<p>The mine has been producing gold since 2006, and produced 238,000 ounces of gold in 2016. The resource is estimated to still contain approximately 5,000,000 ozt of gold.</p><br>
<h2>Lake Cowal Campaign and Barrick Gold</h2><br>
<p>The Lake Cowal Gold Mine Project plans to encompass approximately 26.50 square kilometres. One hundred and eight million tons of low to medium grade ore would be excavated from an open cut pit 1 km wide and 325 meters deep on the lake shore and partly within the high water level of Lake Cowal to produce an estimated 2.7 million ounces of gold.</p><br>
<p>There was conflict in 2004 between protesters and mining workers over the mining activity taking place on Wiradjuri land. Despite the benefits economically to the town of West Wyalong with increased employment.</p><br>
<p>Barrick Gold was granted a Section 90 by National Parks and Wildlife. Lake Cowal is known as the heartland of the Wiradjuri nation and is rich in artifacts. Wiradjuri elder Neville "Chappy" Williams led a campaign to save Lake Cowal and the Wiradjuri heartland.</p><br>
<p>The Lake Cowal Campaign aims to prevent further gold mining by Evolution Mining in the environmentally-fragile area around Lake Cowal and to stop land degradation and possible toxicity problems from the mine and its tailing dams. The Wiradjuri people are being joined in their campaign by various Australian environmentalist groups who formed the Coalition to Protect Lake Cowal initiated by the and Friends of the Earth Australia.</p><br>
<p>The only barrier between the lake and the open pit would be an earth wall or bund. Tailings would be stored in dams 3.5 km from the lake. Water would be supplied from a bore in the Bland Creek Paleochannel borefield, 20 km east of the mine site and will use up to 17 megalitres per day.</p><br>
<p>" Dont desecrate our dreaming site, dont mine our sacred site. I have fought Barrick in the courts for over 2 years, now its time for us all to work together to stop this disaster waiting to happen." - Uncle Chappy&#39;, May 2004.</p><br>
<p>Mount Arapiles is a rock formation that rises about 140 m above the Wimmera plains in western Victoria, Australia. It is located in Arapiles approximately 10 km west of the town of Natimuk and is part of the Mount Arapiles-Tooan State Park. Arapiles is a very popular destination for rock climbers due to the quantity and quality of climbs. It is one of the premier climbing sites in Australia along with the nearby Grampians. The Aboriginal name for Arapiles is Djurite.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>The Djurid Balud Aboriginal clan inhabited the nearby area for thousands of years prior to the European colonisation of Australia. They used the mountain&#39;s hard sandstone for making various stone tools, and found shelter in its many gullies and small caves. Following European settlement in the mid-1840s, the Djurid Balud were displaced from the area, leading to the breaking up of the clan. The loss of the resources that the mountain provided, the ravages of European disease, and armed clashes with the settlers were all contributing factors. By the early 1870s, the last of the Djurid Balud had been relocated to mission stations. Some of their descendants still live in the area and there are also a number of archaeological sites nearby. Indeed, a survey of Mount Arapiles in 1992 located no fewer than 42 Aboriginal archaeological sites, including "quarries" for hard stone for implements, scarred trees and rock art sites.</p><br>
<p>The European colonisation of Australia also brought with it many explorers to chart the new lands. The first recorded ascent of Arapiles was on 23 July 1836, by the European explorer, Major Thomas Mitchell. He named the landmark after the Arapiles hills near Salamanca, Spain, where the Battle of Salamanca took place, in which Mitchell had seen action.</p><br>
<p>An extract from Mitchell&#39;s diary on 22 July reads:</p><br>
<p>"This certainly was a remarkable portion of the earth&#39;s surface, and rather resembled that of the moon as seen through a telescope."</p><br>
<p>There is a plaque commemorating his contributions to Arapiles on the aptly named "Plaque Rock", which is close to the current campgrounds.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Mount Arapiles is primarily composed of quartzite, a metamorphic rock that was originally quartzose conglomerate and sandstone (quartz arenite). This protolith was laid down in the earliest Devonian (approx 420 Ma) as part of a substantial fluvial system. Evidence for this deposition can be seen in the decimeter-meter scale cross stratification and lateral accretion surfaces visible in the cliffs, and the presence of many beds containing well rounded, pebble size clasts. The nearby Grampians contain some more distal facies of the same depositonal system, this is evidenced by the lesser quantity of conglomerate and smaller average grain size.</p><br>
<p>Arapiles today is preserved due to a granitic intrusion that was emplaced below the sandstone and conglomerate approx 400 Ma, or 20 million years post sedimentation. This intrusion advected heat from lower in the crust, facilitating pervasive quartz cementation of the detrital grains. The granite also contained some highly siliceous fluids that were driven off as it cooled. These fluids likely also contributed to the cementation of the sediments. This process of direct heating due to magma transport is known as contact metamorphism.</p><br>
<p>While the unmetamorphosed but otherwise similar sediments surrounding "the Mount" eroded away, Arapiles has been preserved as the total occulsion of pore space related to the cementation helps to limit erosion.</p><br>
<p>There is a distinct red/orange tinge that is due to trace amounts of iron oxide and various other impurities.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>Although there are many hiking routes to the top (including one resembling a via ferrata), most ascentionists choose to free climb one of the thousands of vertical routes on the mountain. Since the advent of modern rock climbing, thousands of routes have been recorded.</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>Arapiles was first considered for climbing in a recreational manner in September 1963, when Bob and Steve Craddock travelled to Mitre Rock after seeing it in a tourist guide, and saw that their destination was dwarfed by Mount Arapiles. It was a number of weeks and visits before climbing was actually attempted at Arapiles, with the first climbs being recorded in November 1963 on what is now called "The Pinnacle Face". The pioneering group, consisting of the Craddocks, Doug Angus, Peter Jackson, and Greg Lovejoy split into two parties, with each party claiming a route on the same day. Many more climbs were put up in the following days and weeks, including the classic climb Tiptoe Ridge (5), and in 1964 Steve Craddock and his father Bob produced the first Arapiles climbing guidebook on a school duplicating machine (featuring 15 routes).</p><br>
<p>March 1965 saw the establishment of two significant climbs: The Bard (12) and Watchtower Crack (16). These climbs were done on the same day and are still regarded as classic climbs, often seeing numerous ascents per day. Activity steadily increased at Arapiles and in August 1966, Mike Stone and Ian Speedie released the second guidebook, Mt Arapiles. It was the first hardcover guide in Australia and featured 108 climbs. The rest of the 1960s saw many more new routes put up of increasing difficulty, with many including numerous aid points. The focus was on "getting up the climb... and staying alive", whether free climbing or not.</p><br>
<p>The early 70s saw a lull in activity at Arapiles as attention shifted to the Grampians and Mount Buffalo. Interest in Arapiles resurfaced in late 1973 with many imposing lines being climbed with a few aids. These routes brought a sense of accomplishment to the climbing community as new grades were continually being created. In 1975, American visitor "Hot" Henry Barber arrived and began freeing these routes with minimal protection. The 21-year-old made a significant impact at Arapiles, and his visit was a pivotal point in Australian climbing, as climbers worked to support the legacy of Barber by freeing their new lines instead of being content to leave in aid points.</p><br>
<p>Word of Barber’s achievements spread and attracted a number of new young climbers to Arapiles. This group was later given the name "The New Wave" and throughout the rest of the 70s and early 80s they were responsible for scores of routes in the grade 20–25 range. The likes of Kim Carrigan, Mike Law and Mark Moorhead helped introduce a number of 26+ climbs, though the latter two did not often grade their climbs accurately (choosing to undergrade them instead). This purposeful undergrading is known as "sandbagging" and is still common in Australian climbing (some would call it tradition), though not as much as it once was.</p><br>
<p>German climber Wolfgang Güllichs ascent of Punks in the Gym in April 1985 was major achievement. The route blasts up the middle of a blank, attractive orange wall and gave Arapiles (and Australia) international exposure. At the time it was graded 32 and was the hardest climb in the world, setting a new benchmark for difficulty. Following Güllichs triumph, a number of routes of similar difficulty have been put up, though none take the "easiest way up" such an impressive feature. The fact that Punks is chipped rarely makes it into most histories. In the early 90&#39;s a climber who was unable to do the climb added a glue hold which remains to this day.</p><br>
<p>Arapiles is still a popular climbing destination, with some visitors staying for months at a time. The warm weather, accessibility, quantity and quality of climbs have helped to maintain the popularity of Arapiles with locals, Australians and international travellers alike.</p><br>
<h3>Philosophy</h3><br>
<p>Mount Arapiles is mainly regarded as a traditional climbing area – where climbers are expected to place their own protection, and remove it after climbing. The vast majority of climbs are therefore done using removable protection such as nuts, cams and RPs.</p><br>
<p>Contrary to popular belief, Arapiles also has quite a bit of sport climbing. Indeed, many of the most interesting sport routes in the country are to be found tucked away in a cool gully or a beautiful orange face. However, there are not many sport routes easier than 23. Popular bolted routes</p><br>
<p>can be found at the following areas: Dec Crag, Flight Wall and surrounds, Skyline Walls, The Bluffs, Strolling Wall, Castle Crag, The Pharos, Yesterday Gully, Doggers Gully, Poosticks Wall.</p><br>
<p>Many routes at Arapiles have lower-offs, so they can be approached from above or via an easier route. There is a strong tradition dating to the &#39;80s of bringing the route down to your level, and it is now commonplace to rap in and pre-place gear. There are many routes with a mixture of fixed and natural gear for which this approach is suitable.</p><br>
<p>Chipping the rock to improve holds is regarded as vandalism and is theoretically not tolerated. However, the many exceptions to this stance include routes such as: Steps Ahead, London Calling, Seans route in The Bluffs, Ethiopia, Punks, Lord of the Rings, Wackford direct, Pet Abuse, Slopin Sleazin&#39; and Cecil B de Mille.</p><br>
<h3>Climbing areas</h3><br>
<p>The following is a list of the more notable climbing areas at Arapiles, including examples of famous climbs.</p><br>
<p>Declaration Crag and Bushranger Bluff</p><br>
<p>The Atridae</p><br>
<p>The Organ Pipes</p><br>
<p>Bard Buttress and Tiger Wall</p><br>
<p>The Bluffs</p><br>
<p>Castle Crag</p><br>
<p>The Pharos</p><br>
<p>The Pinnacle Face</p><br>
<p>The Watchtower Faces</p><br>
<p>The Northern Group</p><br>
<p>Mitre Rock</p><br>
<h3>Arapiles climbing guide update</h3><br>
<p>Development of new routes continues today, albeit at a slow pace. An Arapiles climbing guide update was started in March 2009, which records all new or changed routes at Arapiles since the publication of the 2008 guidebook. In 2011 the guidebook was released in both smartphone and tablet format.</p><br>
<h3>Bouldering</h3><br>
<p>There are a number of bouldering areas sprinkled around Arapiles that cater for all abilities. Two areas that are close to camp are the Krondorf Area and the Golden Streak Area. They are often populated in the late afternoon and early evening after the day&#39;s climbing has been done.</p><br>
<h2>Camping</h2><br>
<p>Centenary Park is a camp ground on the East side of the mount. Access is from Centenary Park Road. a fee is payable.</p><br>
<p>There are no powered sites, and campfires are only permitted between May and October. There is a toilet block with flush toilets.</p><br>
<p>The main European watershed is the drainage divide  which separates the basins of the rivers that empty into the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea and the Baltic Sea from those that feed the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea. It stretches from the tip of the Iberian Peninsula at Gibraltar in the southwest to the endorheic basin of the Caspian Sea in Russia in the northeast.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<h3>Atlantic—Mediterranean</h3><br>
<p>The Watershed runs northwards through Spain in the Iberian Peninsula towards the Bay of Biscay along the basins of Guadalquivir, Guadiana, Tagus and Douro in the west to the sources of the Ebro in Cantabria. It then follows the main ridge of the Pyrenees eastwards up to Andorra, where it again turns to the north through France along the catchment areas of Garonne (with the summit of the Canal du Midi at Seuil de Naurouze), Loire and Seine in the west and that of the Rhone in the east, marked by the Cévennes mountain range between the sources of the Allier and Ardèche tributaries.</p><br>
<p>At the Belfort Gap south of the Vosges Mountains it separates the Rhone basin in the southwest from the drainage of Meuse and Rhine in the northeast, turns southwards to the Swiss Jura Mountains and passes between Lake Geneva and Lake Neuchâtel. It reaches the Bernese Alps where it runs along the Alpine divide to the Gotthard Pass. Mt. Witenwasserenstock marks the triple watershed of the Rhone, Rhine and Po rivers, further to the east along the Grison Alps it reaches the tripoint of the Rhine, Po and Danube basins at the "roof of Europe" Piz Lunghin west of the Maloja Pass.</p><br>
<h3>Atlantic—Black Sea</h3><br>
<p>The divide continues northwards along the Albula Alps to Julier Pass, Albula Pass and Flüela Pass south of Davos between the catchment area of the Rhine, which empties into the North Sea via the Netherlands, and the Danube, which flows eastward emptying into the Black Sea. It enters Austria at Piz Buin in the Silvretta Alps running along the Arlberg massif and forming the border between the states of Tyrol and Vorarlberg. It reaches Bavaria, Germany via the crest of the Allgäu Alps and leaves the High Alps at the Adelegg range near Kempten.</p><br>
<p>Within the Alpine foothills it runs north of the Schussen catchment area of Lake Constance towards the sources of the Brigach and Breg headwaters of the Danube in the Black Forest. It then follows the main ridge of the Swabian and Franconian Jura with the crossing of the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal northeastwards up to the Fichtelgebirge and southeastwards along the Bohemian Forest, forming the border between Germany and the Austrian Mühlviertel and Waldviertel regions with the Czech Republic, where the large Bohemian basin is drained by the Elbe River. It again turns northeastwards along the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands-Javořice Highlands to the Śnieżnik Mountains of the Eastern Sudetes at the border with Poland, where the tripoint of Danube, Elbe/North Sea and Oder/Baltic Sea is located at the peak of Klepý (Trojmorski wierch in Polish) 1144 m above sea level, the part of Králický Sněžník mountains.</p><br>
<p>The Watershed continues in eastern direction along the Jeseníky Mountains down to Moravian Gate and uphill into the Beskids, with the Oder and Vistula basins in the north, reaching the tripoint of Poland with Slovakia and Ukraine in the Bieszczady Mountains. Then, the Watershed goes northeast near the Poland–Ukraine border, passes through the city of Lviv and, via Volyn, enters Belarus. Then it runs east-northeast along Belarusian Ridge and continues to the Smolensk Oblast of Russia, ending at the tripoint with Caspian drainage basin in the Sychyovsky District, near the midpoint of Western Russia&#39;s cities Smolensk and Tver.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>The watershed is not a clearly defined divide. Tectonics, especially in the area that is now the Upper Rhine Plain, created the River Rhine. As its headward erosion is much stronger than that of the much older River Danube (see the upper river geology) (due to the Rhine’s sharper altitude gradient on its much shorter way to the North Sea), the Rhine and its tributaries intrude deeper into phreatic zones of the Swabian Karst and even capture the upper Danube and its surface tributaries.</p><br>
<p>It is expected that the Danube&#39;s upper course will one day disappear entirely in favour of the Rhine ("stream capture").</p><br>
<p>Allison Pass  is a highway summit along the Crowsnest Highway in British Columbia, Canada. It is the highest point on the highway between the cities of Hope and Princeton. It is located in the middle of Manning Park, at the divide between the Skagit & Similkameen River drainages, as well as on the boundary between the Fraser Valley and Okanagan-Similkameen Regional Districts, approximately 12 km west of the Manning Resort and 54 km from Hope. The Skagit originates at the pass while the Similkameen originates just north of it.</p><br>
<p>Cyclists and motorists alike find this stretch of road difficult because of the steep grades and high altitudes. On the way from Hope to Allison Pass, one must ascend the 7% (1 in 14) grades up to the Hope Slide before one can start up to Allison Pass, leaving many trucks waiting at the side of the road for their engines to cool down.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The pass was named after John Fall Allison, a rancher living in Princeton.</p><br>
<p>The Dowleswaram Barrage is an irrigation structure which is built on the lower stretch of the Godavari River before it empties into the Bay of Bengal. It is also called Sir Arthur Cotton Barrage /Godavari Barrage. It was built by a British irrigation engineer, Sir Arthur Thomas Cotton. His many projects averted famines and stimulated the economy of southern India. Before this barrage was constructed many hectares of land has been flooded with water and was unused. The water would be worthlessly going into sea.But when Sir Arthur Thomas Cotton had built the barrage those unused lands were brought into cultivation and the water was stored and used.</p><br>
<p>The Cotton Museum was constructed on behalf of Sir Cotton&#39;s memory. It has been a tourist attraction in Rajahmundry. The Godavari River empties its water into the Bay of Bengal after flowing nearly fifty miles from the Dowleswaram Barrage. The village of Dowleshwaram is at a distance of eight kilometers downstream of Rajamundry. Rajamundry is a city situated on the left bank of Godavari River. Upstream, where the river is divided into two streams; the Gautami to the left and the Vasistha to the right, forms the dividing line between the West Godavari and the East Godavari districts. The dam alignment crosses two mid stream islands, and the barrage was constructed in four sections, which allowed flood passage during the construction period. Its construction was completed in 1850. The Dowleswaram Barrage is 15 feet high and 3.5 km long, with 175 crest gates to pass the floods. The full reservoir level of the barrage is 45.7 ft MSL with 3.12 Tmcft gross storage capacity and dead storage of 2.02 Tmcft at 40 ft MSL.</p><br>
<p>Badacsony is the name of a region on the north shore of Lake Balaton in western Hungary, a mountain top and a town in that region. The entire area is recognized for its wine, with vineyards dating back to Roman times.</p><br>
<p>The nearby basalt mountains are unique geological relics, and the habitat of many rare plants and animals. These monadnocks are peculiarly shaped results of volcanic activity, formed before the period wherein Pannonia was an active geologic unit. Badacsony is the central part of the Badacsony wine region.</p><br>
<p>On the Badacsony mountain, poet Sándor Kisfaludy lived and first met his wife, Róza Szegedy. This event is commemorated by a small exhibition in a house on the mountain, the Róza Szegedy house, whilst the former house of Kisfaludy himself is now a restaurant.</p><br>
<p>Badacsony has a ferry landing, with regular departures to Fonyód via a catamaran ferry the "Badacsony".</p><br>
<p>Old Main is the oldest building on the University of Arkansas campus in Fayetteville, Arkansas. It is one of the most recognizable symbols of the University , and of higher education in general in Arkansas.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Old Main was constructed between 1873 and 1875 as part of a land grant for the state of Arkansas. At this time it was known as University Hall. G. N. Wright was one of the contractors. In 1873, the University of Arkansas purchased Van Osdel&#39;s plans for the University Hall at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (demolished in 1938) and erected an identical structure.</p><br>
<p>The contract to construct the Hall was signed by the superintendent of public instruction, Joseph Carter Corbin, who was the highest elected African American official in Arkansas during Reconstruction.</p><br>
<p>Most of the building materials used in Old Main came from local areas, because the nearest river port was 60 miles away and the nearest railroad was 150 miles away. 136 miles of lumber came by oxen-drawn wagons from the Peter Van Winkle Sawmill near historic War Eagle Mill in Benton County. The red exterior bricks were made from clay dug on campus and fired in kilns built west of Old Main. The brown sandstone used for the foundation and basement was also quarried from near the building site. The five-story building contained 2,600,000 bricks when originally constructed.</p><br>
<p>After nearly a hundred years of use, Old Main had really begun to show its age, and in 1981 the building was closed for safety reasons. After a considerable period of debate over whether to restore the old building or tear it down, restoration work began in the summer of 1989 and Old Main was renovated extensively. The renovation proceeded ahead of schedule, and it was finished during the spring semester of 1991 at a cost of $10 million. It was rededicated during the Fall of 1991.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the extensive restoration of 1986–1991, the building was fondly remembered for its large, open, and decorative central stairwell. However, this stairwell effectively formed a chimney which violated any number of building codes to which the renovated building would have to conform. To preserve the stairwell&#39;s appearance and function while still conforming to modern safety standards, an innovative automated fire protection system was installed which would slide out and close protective fire doors from concealed storage areas on each floor, effectively sealing the stairwell off.</p><br>
<p>In the original building, stairwells were also sited at either end of the central "shotgun" hallway. These were closed off during the 1986–1991 restoration. Additional stairwells were sited at the ends of the wings, again to conform to building codes.</p><br>
<p>The original 19th century Corinthian iron columns, featured prominently in almost all photographs of Old Mains wings, remain in place to this day. To conform to building codes, all but one floors worth have been reinforced with welded steel and encased in fireproof boxes.</p><br>
<p>The original columns in Giffels Auditorium were preserved in the renovation process. In order to preserve these columns while still conforming to building codes, they needed to be rendered non-structural. The north wing of the building was therefore completely reconstructed such that loads are carried by the walls instead of the columns. The distinctive "inset" look of the windows of the modern Giffels auditorium are a result of this restructuring and reinforcement.</p><br>
<p>In 2005 the building underwent another round of renovations. At that time, it received a new roof, aging mortar was replaced, and a clock face was installed in the south tower.</p><br>
<p>During its history, Old Main has housed many different departments and served many different administrative functions. It currently houses the offices of the J. William Fulbright College of Arts and Sciences, its honors program and five academic departments, as well as classrooms and meeting spaces.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural features</h2><br>
<p>The north tower stands 130 feet tall and the south tower stands 123 feet tall. The front doors of the building still retain their original hinges. The cornerstone of the building lists its original cost in 1871 dollars, $186,000. The sweeping stairwell leading to the attic of the building found at the center of the top floor is original to the structure. The walls of the rooms in the central "shotgun" hallway are structural and largely conform to the plan of the original building. The cast-iron sides of the seats in the Giffels auditorium are supposedly cast from original molds.</p><br>
<h3>Arboretum</h3><br>
<p>The arboretum (the large lawn area in front of Old Main) is a home to one of every type of tree in Arkansas (with a few exceptions, such as the umbrella magnolia, Magnolia tripetala) and once used to be a training ground for military officers when military tactics were taught at the University. It also served as a place where the band would march and play. Today, the band practices in lot 56 (a parking lot on campus), and the arboretum is simply a green space where students can study, play games, or simply stroll through and enjoy.</p><br>
<h3>James William Fulbright statue</h3><br>
<p>In 2002, a statue of former student, law faculty member, president of the University, congressman, senator, and namesake of the college housed in Old Main, J. William Fulbright, was erected in the rear courtyard of the building. President Bill Clinton gave a much-anticipated speech at the dedication ceremony.</p><br>
<h3>Bells</h3><br>
<p>In 1879, the first official bell for Old Main was installed. That bell still exists today, but is no longer in regular use. The last two times it was used was when it rang 10 times in 1985 to mark the $10 million received through donations for the restoration process and in July 1989 to mark the beginning of renovation. Electronic bells were installed during 1949, and dedicated to those students lost in any war. These bells wore out and were replaced with a computerized bell device. It plays the Westminster Chimes every hour from 8 am- 8 pm, a musical selection after noon and the alma mater after five o&#39;clock.</p><br>
<h3>Senior Walk</h3><br>
<p>Senior Walk is a tradition unique to the University of Arkansas. Senior Walk was established in 1905 by president John Tillman. Each year, all graduates have their name carved into the sidewalk that circles, and cuts through campus. The walk begins directly in front of Old Main with the first graduating class, of 1876.</p><br>
<h3>Clock</h3><br>
<p>Even though when Old Main was built, the southern tower was meant to hold a clock, one was not put in when the building was constructed. Although there was no clock face, the building did have a bell in the opposite tower that rang every hour and half-hour and could be heard all over campus, as well as most of downtown Fayetteville and surrounding areas. When President Bill Clinton gave a much-anticipated speech at the J. William Fulbright statue dedication ceremony, Clinton asked Chancellor John White, "Where is the clock?" Three years later, Old Main received a clock face.</p><br>
<p>On October 27, 2005, after more than 130 years without a functioning clock face, a specially constructed clock was completed and dedicated on the South Tower. This was in celebration of reaching a "Campaign for Twenty-First Century" campaign goal of $1 billion and also included the replacement of aging mortar between bricks, replacing the roof, and other minor aesthetic improvements to the building.</p><br>
<p>The West Point Mint Facility was erected in 1937 near the USA Military Academy in West Point, New York, United States. Originally it was called the West Point Bullion Depository. At one point it had the highest concentration of silver of any USA mint facility, and for 12 years produced circulating pennies. It has since minted mostly commemorative coins, and stores gold.</p><br>
<p>It gained official status as a branch of the United States Mint on March 31, 1988. Later that year it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>Prior to its remodel in 2005 that added a second-story, the mint was a 170 by one-story reinforced concrete structure with a flat roof. The walls are mostly featureless with some recessed-arches at the entryways. There are four turrets at the corners actively used in the building&#39;s security. It is on a four-acre (1.6 ha) parcel of land near the northern facilities of the United States Military Academy, with parking lots on either side. The interior contains minting presses and bullion compartments.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As of 1937, it served as a storage facility for silver bullion and was thus nicknamed "The Fort Knox of Silver." Even without United States Mint status, it produced USA coinage. From 1974 through 1986, the West Point Mint produced Lincoln cents bearing no mint mark, making them indistinguishable from those produced at the Philadelphia Mint. The years 1977 to 1979 saw Bicentennial quarters and Washington quarters produced as well. Approximately 20 billion dollars&#39; worth of gold was stored in its vaults in the early 1980s (although this was still significantly less than at Fort Knox).</p><br>
<p>September 1983 saw the first appearance of the "W" mint mark (from this still unofficial USA Mint) on a $10 gold coin commemorating the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games. This was the first legal tender USA gold coin since 1933. In 1986, American Gold Eagle bullion coins were solely produced at this facility, again with no mint mark. The West Point Bullion Depository was granted mint status on March 31, 1988.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, the USA Military Academy at West Point was honored for its 200th anniversary, and a bicentennial commemorative silver dollar was issued and unveiled on March 16 of that year, featuring a cadet color guard on the obverse and the helmet of Pallas Athena on the reverse. The coin was produced only at the West Point Mint.</p><br>
<p>An unusual coinage from this mint occurred in 1996 when a commemorative Roosevelt dime was produced for the 50th anniversary of this design. Given as an insert with the standard mint sets sold that year, over 1.457 million were produced. Thus this "W" mint marked dime is not particularly scarce; it was made only for collectors. In 2015 another "W" mint marked dime was issued along with a 2015-W dollar, these as part of a three coin set to commemorate the March of Dimes. Only 75,000 sets were produced. Also, in 2014, the reverse proof silver Kennedy Half Dollar which was part of a commemorative set, along with the 24K gold proof Kennedy Half Dollar were produced there to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Kennedy Half Dollar, again with the "W" mint mark.</p><br>
<h2>Present</h2><br>
<p>Today all American Eagle series proof and uncirculated bullion coins in gold, silver and platinum are produced at West Point, along with all gold commemorative and a few silver commemorative coins. All commemoratives from West Point are struck with the "W" mint mark. Beginning in 2006, the West Point Mint also made all American Buffalo gold bullion coins.</p><br>
<p>The West Point Mint still acts as a gold bullion depository, and silver is kept on site only in quantities to meet minting demands. Due to the presence of so much gold bullion on site, security is high. The mint does not give public tours, and its address is withheld by the National Park Service in its National Register listings.</p><br>
<p>Mount Stromlo  is a mountain with an elevation of 770 m that is situated in the Weston Creek district of Canberra, in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. The mountain is most notable as the location of the Mount Stromlo Observatory. The mountain forms part of the catchment area of the Cotter River which in turn is the primary water supply for Canberra.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The rock on Mount Stromlo consists of ignimbrite from the Laidlaw Volcanics. This erupted in the upper Silurian period over the top of the Deakin Volcanics rhyodacite which is visible on the surface on the lower slopes in the east and southeast sides. The northern lower slopes are covered with a calcareous shale which is included in the Laidlaw Volcanics as it was deposited at the same time. This is cut off on the northwest side by the Winslade Fault, which heads north east to and. A spur fault heads off east from the Winslade Fault to under the Scrivener Dam. On the northwest and north side of these faults are middle Silurian period rhyodacite volcanic deposits from the Walker Volcanics. The northern side was uplifted compared with the southern side.</p><br>
<p>The name Stromlo is from Ossian&#39;s Poems.</p><br>
<h3>Landform</h3><br>
<p>Stoney Creek and its tributaries drain the north side of the mountain, The east side drains into the Molonglo River. The south side supplies Blugar Creek that runs into the Murrumbidgee River.</p><br>
<p>The summit of the mountain where the telescopes are located is elongated in a north-south direction, with a spur running to the southwest where the water treatment plant is situated.</p><br>
<h2>Observatory history</h2><br>
<p>The first telescope installed at Mount Stromlo was the Oddie telescope which was installed on 8 September 1911. The building housing this telescope was the first construction funded by the Commonwealth Government in Canberra. In January 1913 the first telephone was connected to the Queanbeyan telephone exchange.</p><br>
<p>Mount Stromlo was devastated by the Canberra bushfires of 2003. The fire, fueled by the pine plantation that covered the mountain, destroyed or badly damaged much of the observatory and water treatment plant.</p><br>
<p>Road access is via the Cotter Road on the south side, and Uriarra Road on the east and north. The summit is reached by a road joining Cotter Road just outside.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain biking</h2><br>
<p>Mount Stromlo is home to one of the finest and most well equipped mountain biking facilities in Australia. Prior to the 2003 bushfires, Mount Stromlo hosted some of the best and oldest mountain bike trails in Australia. In May 2006 extensive remedial work and trail reconstruction was commenced by World Trail in partnership with Canberra Off-Road Cyclists mountain bike club and the ACT Government. Stromlo Forest Park now includes more than 35 km of cross country single trail, a Four-Cross course, several observed trials areas and a downhill track.</p><br>
<p>Mount Stromlo hosted the 2009 UCI Mountain Bike & Trials World Championships that attracted more than 30,000 visitors from up to 40 countries. The event involved more than 750 of the world&#39;s top riders who competed in the four mountain bike disciplines of Cross Country, Downhill, Four Cross and Observed Trials.</p><br>
<p>Mount Stromlo currently plays host to two large annual Mountain Biking events, the Scott Australian 24&ndash;hour MTB Championships in October, and the Mountain Bike Festival Australia in December.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the mountain biking facilities Mount Stromlo also boasts an event pavilion with office space and change rooms, a kids play area, BBQ&#39;s, a road cycling criterium circuit, a groomed grass cross country running track and equestrian trails.</p><br>
<p>USC Pacific Asia Museum is an Asian art museum located at 46 N. Los Robles Avenue, Pasadena, California, United States.</p><br>
<p>The museum was founded in 1971 by the Pacificulture Foundation, which purchased “The Grace Nicholson Treasure House of Oriental Art” from the City of Pasadena. Grace Nicholson donated the structure to the city for art and cultural purposes in 1943 and was a dealer in Native American and, later, Asian art and antiques. It houses some 15,000 rare and representative examples of art from throughout Asia and the Pacific Islands. In 2013, the museum became part of the University of Southern California. The building is temporarily closed beginning June 27, 2016 until mid-spring 2017 for a seismic retrofit and renovation.</p><br>
<p>The building, which is listed in the National Register of Historic Places, was built in 1926 and designed by the architectural firm of Marston, Van Pelt & Maybury. It is designed in the style of a Chinese imperial palace and features a central courtyard with a garden, a small pool, and decorative carvings.</p><br>
<h2>Galleries</h2><br>
<p>The Art of Pacific Asia</p><br>
<p>Japanese</p><br>
<p>Snukal Ceramics</p><br>
<p>Journeys: The Silk Road</p><br>
<p>South and Southeast Asian</p><br>
<p>Himalayan</p><br>
<p>Korean</p><br>
<h2>Notable exhibits</h2><br>
<p>One of the museum&#39;s 2009 exhibits looked at the mash-up of Chinese calligraphy and American graffiti. has an article and slide show on the exhibit and a video featuring the curator and a couple of the artists who contributed to the exhibit:.</p><br>
<p>China Modern: Designing Popular Culture 1910-1970 (August 6, 2010- Feb. 6, 2011)</p><br>
<p>Japan in Blue and White (March 25, 2010- March 6, 2011)</p><br>
<p>Lavoisier Island is an island 18 mi long and 5 mi wide, lying between Rabot and Watkins Islands in the Biscoe Islands, Antarctica. It is separated from Renaud Island and Rabot Island to the northeast by Pendleton Strait, from Watkins Island to the southwest by Lewis Sound, and from Krogh Island to the west-southwest by Vladigerov Passage.</p><br>
<p>Lavoisier Island is named Isla Serrano by Chile and isla Mitre by Argentina.</p><br>
<p>The island was first charted by the French Antarctic Expedition, 1903–05, under Jean-Baptiste Charcot, and named "Ile Nansen" after Fridtjof Nansen, Norwegian Arctic explorer. To avoid confusion with Nansen Island (q.v.) in Wilhelmina Bay, the UK-APC recommended in 1960 that the island be renamed for Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, French chemist who pioneered the study of metabolism.</p><br>
<h2>Winslow Rock</h2><br>
<p>Winslow Rock is a rock close off the east side of Lavoisier Island, Biscoe Islands. Mapped from surveys by Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) (1958–59). There is a small penguin rookery on this rock, which provides the only known landing place on the east side of Lavoisier Island. Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) for Charles E.A. Winslow, American physiologist who has specialized in the reactions of the human body to cold environments.</p><br>
<p>Watkins Island is a low lying, ice-covered island 5 mi long, lying 3 mi SW of Lavoisier Island in the Biscoe Islands. The island was first mapped by the French Antarctic Expedition under Jean-Baptiste Charcot, 1903–05 and 1908–10, but remained unnamed until resighted by the BGLE under Rymill, 1934–37. He gave the name Mikkelsen Island after Ejnar Mikkelsen, Danish Arctic explorer. In applying the name, Rymill was unaware of the existence of Mikkelsen Islands 75 mi southwestward, named in 1908–10 by Charcot. To avoid confusion of the two, the UK-APC recommended in 1952 that the Rymill naming be amended. The new name, Watkins Island, commemorates Gino Watkins, leader of the British Arctic Air Route Expedition, 1930–31. A new feature, Mikkelsen Bay, has been named for Ejnar Mikkelsen.</p><br>
<p>The Maatsuyker Islands are a group of islands and rocks located 5.5 km off the south coast of Tasmania, Australia. Maatsuyker Island is the southernmost island of the group and of the Australian continental shelf. There are exposed rocks further south of Maatsuyker but they do not meet the definition of "islands". Macquarie Island, far to the south, is also Australian territory but it is an upthrust piece of ocean floor in the remote Southern Ocean and is in a geological sense completely separate from the continent.</p><br>
<p>The group is noted for its rich marine wildlife, predominantly wet and windy weather conditions, and Australia&#39;s most southerly lighthouse. The group are contained within the Southwest National Park, part of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Main group</h3><br>
<p>The group consists of at least six islands and two groups of rocks. The main island after which the group is named, Maatsuyker Island, is approximately 2.6 km long north/south at its longest on a bearing of 196°, by 1.2 km wide east/west at its widest on a bearing of 105°. Needle Rocks, also known unofficially as The Needles lie just off the south west tip of Maatsuyker Island. Walker Island, Flat Witch Island and the Western Rocks lie just to the north. De Witt Island lies some 6.5 km to the north-east, and the remaining two islands, Flat Top Island and Round Top Island, are some 7 km to the east. Maatsuyker Island is near the south side of the group, and its distance from the Tasmanian mainland is around 10.4 km.</p><br>
<p>Sources differ on whether nearby islands are part of the group. The Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service</p><br>
<p>The islands are erosional remnants of the Tasmanian mainland, and are typically steep-sided and rocky.</p><br>
<h3>Related Islands</h3><br>
<p>White and Brothers refer to islands in addition to those in the group. These include Breaksea Islands, Eddystone, Kathleen Island, Mewstone, Pedra Branca, Shanks Islands and Trumpeter Islets. Several of these are quite distant from Maatsuyker Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Etymology</h3><br>
<p>Abel Tasman led the first known European expedition to reach Tasmania. His journal records that he first sighted Tasmania on 24 November 1642. The translation of the journal entry for 1 December 1642, seven days later, refers to Wits islands, Sueers islands, Maetsuickers islands (Maatsuyker Islands) and Boereels islands. The names of all of these islands and Tasmania itself under its then name of Van Diemens Land were all names of then members of the Council of India of Tasmans employer, the Dutch East India Company (see Tasmans 1642 orders in Appendix D of the journal). Antonio Van Diemen was the Governor-General and so got the name of the largest island. This journal entry for 1 December came only 7 days after the first sighting of Tasmania, so it is evident that the Maatsuyker Islands Group was named in honour of Joan Maetsuycker (todays spelling would be Johan), who was also a councillor.</p><br>
<p>Other theories about the origin of the name have been offered that are more colourful but are fantastical conjectures of a much later period.</p><br>
<p>The island was named after a member of Abel Tasmans crew, Mr. Maatsuyker. However, the ships log book has been preserved and there was not anyone on board with that name.</p><br>
<p>It has been suggested that the word in Dutch means "mate seeker" and that the sealers of old stopped at the island seeking aboriginal women as wives. However, "seeker" in Dutch is "zoeker", not "suicker." Nevertheless, there is direct evidence that aborigines visited the island possibly thousands of years before European settlement.</p><br>
<p>The word in Dutch means "measure of sugar". This has led some people to suggest - erroneously - that the island, capped with guano, may have resembled a tablespoon of sugar rising above the surface of the sea and that inspired the name.</p><br>
<p>Given the evidence cited above and the demonstrated fact that Tasman named the other islands in the area after the Councillors, these three anecdotal explanations are - however charming - fantasies.</p><br>
<h3>Lighthouse</h3><br>
<p>In 1891 a lighthouse was completed on Maatsuyker Island and until today it remains Australia&#39;s most southerly lighthouse. From the inauguration until the installation of the automated light, the lighthouse was manned by a small staff of lighthouse keepers, who constituted the total population of the island.</p><br>
<p>Maatsuyker Island Lighthouse was the last Australian lighthouse still being officially operated by lightkeepers. A second, smaller and automated lighthouse was installed in 1996 but it is unclear whether volunteers are going to continue to work the lights on Maatsuyker Island.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Weather conditions in the area can be extreme, with the Roaring Forties wind being a particular problem. The maximum wind gust ever recorded was 176 km/h. Reportedly, the first keepers of the light took chickens with them to Maatsuyker but the fowls blew away into the ocean. Given the wind and lack of shelter, this is possible if they were left outside during storms. Vegetables get blown flat by the wind, but surprisingly, can be grown successfully, even though the garden is on the west side of the island, facing into the prevailing winds.</p><br>
<p>To add to the wind, there are an average of 249 rain days a year.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>Maatsuyker Island supports a surprising variety of flora and fauna, although the flora is limited in size by the windy conditions. The soil is reportedly extremely rich due to thousands of years of sea bird guano deposits, and supports a variety of native and imported flora. As a testament to fertility, potatoes sown by former lighthouse keepers now grow wild.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>Seals are common and include both New Zealand and Australian fur seals.</p><br>
<p>The Maatsuyker group is well known for its abundant bird life. Sea birds present include the critically endangered northern soft-plumaged petrel (Pterodroma mollis deceptornis). The first record of soft-plumaged petrels breeding in Australia is from Maatsuyker. The group has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports over 1% of the world populations of short-tailed shearwaters (about 1.5 million pairs), fairy prions and black-faced cormorants, as well as thousands of pairs of little penguins and common diving-petrels.</p><br>
<p>The Indian Industrial School at Genoa, Nebraska, United States was the fourth non-reservation boarding institution established by the Office of Indian Affairs. The facility was completed in 1884 and operated until 1934. Now restored, it is owned and operated by a foundation as the Genoa USA Indian School Museum. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>The facility opened on February 20, 1884, and, like other such schools, its mission was to educate and teach Christianity and European-American culture to Native American children for assimilation. The village of Genoa was selected because the Federal Government already owned the former Pawnee Reservation property there; however, existing buildings at the site were unsuitable and in poor repair. The Pawnee had been removed to Indian Territory in 1879.</p><br>
<p>Like many buildings designed for Indian school campuses, the main building was a simple three-story structure with a hipped roof and a small triangular pediment above the center entrance. The pairs of tall windows and the strong horizontal lines across the front created a balanced composition. The building extended at length from its front facade. This was a popular design during the late 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The school expanded, eventually serving Native American children from ten states and over 20 tribes. In time the school grew from the original 74 students to an enrollment of 599. It encompassed more than 30 buildings on 640 acres. The US government closed the school in 1934, during the Great Depression.</p><br>
<h2>Genoa USA Indian School Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Genoa US Indian School Foundation purchased the Manual Training building of the school from the town of Genoa, restored it and now operates the facility as the Genoa USA Indian School Museum.</p><br>
<p>Genoa Indian School Students.JPGStudents at the Genoa Indian School appeared anxious in a photo taken in 1910. The School had a “mixed legacy:” young Indian children were forcibly taken away from family and tribes, but also obtained educations that helped them adapt to a new culture.</p><br>
<p>Maatsuyker Island is an island located close to the south coast of Tasmania, Australia. The 186 hectare island is part of the Maatsuyker Islands Group, and comprises part of the Southwest National Park and the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<p>The Maatsuyker Island Lighthouse, the southern-most Australian lighthouse, is located on the southern tip of the island. The island is part of the Maatsuyker Island Group Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance as a breeding site for seabirds.</p><br>
<p>Maatsuyker Island is currently inhabited by volunteers, swapped out every 4 months, the improvements on it are being maintained by the Tasmanian Government and volunteer organisations interested in preserving the history of the island and the lighthouse.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The vegetation is dominated by the woody shrub Leptospermum scoparium, or tea tree, which covers most parts of the island, reaching a canopy height of 6 m in sheltered places.</p><br>
<p>Recorded breeding seabird and wader species are the little penguin (700 pairs), short-tailed shearwater (800,000 pairs), sooty shearwater, fairy prion (5000 pairs), common diving-petrel (10,000 pairs), soft-plumaged petrel, Pacific gull, silver gull and sooty oystercatcher. The swamp antechinus has been recorded.</p><br>
<p>The island is a haul-out site for the Australian fur seal and a breeding site for the New Zealand fur seal. It is visited by southern elephant seals, which occasionally breed there. Reptiles recorded include the metallic skink, three-lined skink and Tasmanian tree skink.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Because the island is so far south and is influenced by circumpolar weather systems, average temperatures are significantly colder than most of Australia. Maatsuyker Island temperatures are around 10 &deg;C all year with days being cooler and milder. Wind is usually constant.</p><br>
<p>Due to the high vegetation in patches on the top of the island, it is possible to shelter on the "jeep trail" that runs from the lighthouse to the landing. Several vehicles have been used here over the years, including Suzuki Sierras in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>Weather observations have been recorded continuously from the island since 1891.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Léger, in Mokelumne Hill, California is one of the oldest hotels still operating in California. The hotel and courthouse building are registered as California Historical Landmark #663, and located in present-day Calaveras County, California.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>George Léger, a Frenchman who came during the California Gold Rush, opened his Hotel de France in 1851, as a wood-framed tent. Next door was the Calaveras County Courthouse, as Mokulemne Hill was the county seat at the time. When the county seat was moved to San Andreas in 1866, Léger bought the court building and incorporated into his hotel. One reason was that it was made of stone and thus had survived two fires that had ravaged the town previously. After restoration following another fire in 1874, the hotel became known as the Hotel Léger, and it has been in operation ever since. The bar, which features a stained-glass back bar with the date 1851 in it, reportedly came around Cape Horn and has been in continuous use.</p><br>
<p>The former courthouse building was also the location of the county jail, and remnants of the jail cells can still be seen in the building&#39;s cellar.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The hotel was refurbished by local volunteers in September 2012 for an episode of Travel Channel&#39;s Hotel Impossible series. The episode featuring the hotel aired on January 7, 2013.</p><br>
<p>De Witt Island, also known as Big Witch, is an island located close to the south-western coast of Tasmania, Australia. The 516 hectare island is the largest of the Maatsuyker Islands Group, and comprises part of the Southwest National Park and the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site. The island is listed on the Australian Register of the National Estate.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>De Witt Island lies some 6 km south of Louisa Bay, on Tasmanias south coast. Abel Tasman discovered it in 1642 and named it Witsen or Wits Eijlanden. The island is broadly triangular in shape, some 3 km across, with cliffs ranging from 250 to 300 m high to the south on all sides except a part of the central north coast. The highest parts of the island are located very close to the south coast, and enclose a north-facing basin. The islands 340 m summit is located very close</p><br>
<p>to its southernmost point. The island is part of the Maatsuyker Island Group Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance as a breeding site for seabirds.</p><br>
<p>The island is extensively forested with the principal species being Eucalyptus nitida, Swamp Gum and Messmate. Sheltered areas also have Leatherwood and Myrtle Beech.</p><br>
<p>Recorded breeding seabird and wader species are the little penguin (500 pairs), short-tailed shearwater (11,000 pairs), fairy prion (50 pairs), silver gull and sooty oystercatcher. Swift parrots have been recorded. Mammals present include the Tasmanian pademelon, long-nosed potoroo and swamp rat. Reptiles recorded are the metallic skink and Tasmanian tree skink.</p><br>
<p>Sand Bay is a strip of coast in North Somerset bordered to the south by Worlebury Hill and to the north by Middle Hope and Sand Point. It lies 2 mi north of the seaside resort of Weston-super-Mare, and across the Bristol Channel from South Wales. It is adjacent to the village of Kewstoke.</p><br>
<h2>Coastal details</h2><br>
<p>The north end of Sand Bay has become overgrown with spartina grass since the 1950s. This hardy grass was planted to support the banks of a tributary to the Bristol Channel further upstream than Sand Bay. Over the last 20 years the grass has rapidly taken over the north end of the beach and is now beginning to grow in isolated areas of the south end. The grass also began to grow on the beach at Weston-super-Mare, but was removed by the local council.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s part of the beach at Sand Bay was raised to prevent flooding by pumping sand from the Bristol Channel up onto the beach. The beach now has two levels, one at the original height near the sea and one bordering the adjacent road at the higher level. The upper beach level has now become covered in grass in many areas (not with the spartina grass &ndash; which is found at sea level).</p><br>
<h2>Sea water quality</h2><br>
<p>The beach is often littered with tidal-borne material that washes up from the Bristol Channel, and — like all other beaches in North Somerset — it has never received a European Blue Flag. However, since 2005 and 2006 DEFRA has rated the water quality as good.</p><br>
<p>The Marine Conservation Society has adopted the beach and since 1999 has carried out four surveys of the beach annually. A 2004 survey reported that the beach had three times the national average quantity of sewage-related debris, with particularly high numbers of cotton bud sticks.</p><br>
<h2>Holiday destination</h2><br>
<p>A Pontins holiday camp was opened in Sand Bay in 1947, remaining with the company until 1999. During its peak of popularity it had 300 chalets spread over 17 acre. After Pontins, the site was owned by the Holybush Hotel group under the name of Sand Bay Holiday Village. With cabaret, tea dances, comedy and music, it remains a popular destination. In 2008, The company has rebranded to Martyn Leisure Breaks and is now known as Sand Bay Leisure Resort. In 2013, Martyn Leisure Breaks entered administration and closed the park. In 2014, it was announced that the site would re-open for the 2014 as a Pontins resort once again, now under the ownership of Britannia Hotels.</p><br>
<p>There are several static caravan parks in the Sand Bay / Kewstoke area.</p><br>
<p>Aurum Geyser is a geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States, on Geyser Hill.</p><br>
<p>Aurum can, at times, be very predictable. Other times it can be very erratic. Observations have led to the theory that Aurum&#39;s activity is linked to the meadow behind the geyser. When the meadow is wet, activity is regular with 3 to 4 hours between eruptions. When the meadow dries in late summer and early fall, the interval becomes less predictable ranging from 4 to 7 hours. Aurum also participates in the weekly Geyser Hill wave. It decreases and increases its interval at regular times during a week.</p><br>
<p>Eruptions last about 90 seconds and range in height from 15 ft to 25 ft. An eruption is usually preceded by bubbling in two small vents nearby. On rare occasions, an eruption will be followed by a second smaller eruption 5 to 10 minutes after the primary eruption.</p><br>
<p>The Angels Hotel in Angels Camp, California, was the hotel where the author Mark Twain heard a story that he would later turn into his short story "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County".</p><br>
<p>The hotel was originally a canvas tent erected by C. C. Lake in 1851, and replaced by a one-story wooden structure. It was rebuilt with stone in 1855, and a second story was added in 1857.</p><br>
<p>In front of the building is the "Frog Hop of Fame", where commemorative plaques are embedded in the sidewalk for the winners of the annual Jumping Frog Jubilee frog jumping contest.</p><br>
<p>The building, no longer operated as a hotel, is registered as California Historical Landmark #734. It was also listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. It is currently an apartment complex.</p><br>
<p>Bead Geyser is a fountain-type geyser in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Bead Geyser is part of the Pink Cone Group. Other geysers in this groups are Box Spring, Dilemma Geyser, Labial Geyser, Narcissus Geyser, Pink Geyser, and Pink Cone Geyser. Eruptions of Bead Geyser last about 2½ minutes and are 25 ft high. Bead is an extremely regular geyser. The interval between eruptions is 28–36 minutes. This changes with time but the average for any given time hardly varies. The duration is also highly regular at about 150 seconds.</p><br>
<p>Bead Geyser was named after the geyser eggs, loose spherical pieces of geyserite, that used to be found near the geyser. Over the decades since it was discovered, souvenir hunters have removed all of the geyser eggs.</p><br>
<p>Dilemma Geyser is a geyser in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States. It is part of the Pink Cone complex. Other geysers in this group are Box Spring, Labial Geyser, Narcissus Geyser, Pink Geyser, and Pink Cone Geyser.</p><br>
<p>Eruptions of Dilemma Geyser vary from a few seconds to a few minutes and are high as 10 ft in the spring with 1 to 4 ft the rest of the year. The interval between eruptions is 2 to 10 minutes.</p><br>
<p>The name for Dilemma Geyser came from the fact that the two vents of this geyser are surrounded by distinct run-off channels that couldn&#39;t be explained by the tiny eruptions that the geyser had prior to 1989. The eruptions were so minute that they would barely splash a few drops above the grass. Starting in 1989, the eruptions became more forceful and began putting out enough water to explain the channels around the vents.</p><br>
<p>Labial Geyser is a cone-type geyser in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States. It is part of the Pink Cone Group. Other geysers in this groups are Bead Geyser, Box Spring, Dilemma Geyser, Narcissus Geyser, Pink Geyser, and Pink Cone Geyser.</p><br>
<p>Eruptions of Labial Geyser last for less than two minutes and are 25 ft high. The usual interval between eruptions is 6 to 9 hours. On occasion, an eruption will be followed within 30 minutes by a second eruption. Before the eruption, the water rises and falls in the vent. During the last few minutes Labial&#39;s on surging becomes violent, and this eventually triggers an eruption. During the eruption, Labial jets up to 25 ft high at a sharp angle, another vent bursts up to 6 ft high, and a related springs splashes 1 – high. Following the eruption, Labial continues to have bursts that spray water from the vent, and these rarely lead to a brief but full-force second or even third eruption.</p><br>
<p>Labial Geyser has two satellite geysers that react to Labial eruptions but have been seen to act independently as well. Their intervals are not predictable with durations of less than a minute. The east vent reaches 6 ft, while the west reaches 10 ft.</p><br>
<p>Narcissus Geyser is a geyser in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States. Narcissus Geyser is part of the Pink Cone Group. Other geysers in this group are Bead Geyser, Box Spring, Dilemma Geyser, Labial Geyser, Pink Geyser, and Pink Cone Geyser.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the 1880s, members of the Hague Party named Narcissus Geyser. In Greek mythology, Narcissus was renowned for his beauty. He was overly prideful, and disdained those who loved him. As divine punishment he fell in love with his own reflection in a pool, not realizing it was merely an image. He wasted away to death, being unable to leave that which he loved.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptions</h2><br>
<p>Narcissus Geyser has minor and major eruptions. Minor eruptions last 5 to 8 minutes and are 20 ft high. Major eruptions last up to 15 minutes and are 15 ft high. The interval between eruptions is and 6 hours.</p><br>
<p>This geyser is the hardest to see in the Pink Cone Group as it is located furthest from the road and is partially screened by trees. Its cone is the same pink color as Pink and Pink Cone Geysers indicating that they may be tied together though they do not seem to interact.</p><br>
<p>Peraia  is a suburb of Thessaloniki, Greece. It is part of the municipality Thermaikos. Peraia is located on the south coast of the Thermaic Gulf, 15 km south of Thessaloniki city centre and 4 km west of Thessaloniki International Airport.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As is the case for the two other communities in the municipal unit of Thermaikos, Agia Triada and Neoi Epivates, the origin of settlement in Peraia was the arrival of 740 refugees from Asia Minor and Eastern Thrace in 1923, as a result of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22).</p><br>
<p>Today Peraia, together with the other suburbs of Thermaikos, forms one of the most rapidly developing suburbs of Thessaloniki, with many people choosing to move there; but infrastructure is hardly keeping pace, with many roads remaining unopened or inadequate for today&#39;s needs. Although developments have been made in creating a pedestrianised beachfront and creating new open spaces.</p><br>
<p>Pink Geyser is a fountain-type geyser in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Pink Geyser is part of the Pink Cone Group. Other geysers in this groups include Bead Geyser, Box Spring, Dilemma Geyser, Labial Geyser, Narcissus Geyser, and Pink Cone Geyser.</p><br>
<p>Eruptions of Pink Geyser last about 12 minutes and reach 20 ft in height and ends with a steam-phase. The interval between eruptions is 2 to 12 hours averaging about 6.5 hours.</p><br>
<p>Pink Geyser was named for the shell-pink color of the geyserite around its vent which is a caused by the presence of manganese and iron oxides. The same color marks other geysers in the immediate area, including Pink Cone Geyser and Narcissus Geyser, indicating some communality but they do not appear to interact.</p><br>
<p>Pink Geyser is susceptible to seismic activity. Before the 1983 Borah Peak earthquake, it only erupted twice a day. Following the quake, its interval shortened to between 5 and 7 hours. The 2002 Denali earthquake shortened the intervals even more.</p><br>
<p>Pink Cone Geyser is a cone-type geyser in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States. It is part of the Pink Cone Group. Other geysers in this groups include Bead Geyser, Box Spring, Dilemma Geyser, Labial Geyser, Narcissus Geyser, and Pink Geyser.</p><br>
<p>Eruptions last 1.5 to 2 hours with a maximum height of 30 ft high. The interval between eruptions is 18 to 25 hours.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pink Cone Geyser was named by the Hayden Survey. The geyser&#39;s sinter cone is a shell-pink caused by the presence of manganese and iron oxides. The same color marks other geysers in the immediate area, including Pink Geyser and Narcissus Geyser, indicating some communality but they do not seem to interact.</p><br>
<p>Ebbetts Pass, named after John Ebbetts,  is a high mountain pass through the Sierra Nevada range in Alpine County, California. Ebbetts is the eastern of two passes in the area traversed by State Route 4. The western pass is the Pacific Grade Summit . The pass is registered as a California Historical Landmark. The Pacific Crest Trail, a 2,650 mi long National Scenic Trail crosses State Route 4 at Ebbetts Pass.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ebbetts Pass was used by the Miwok and Washoe Indians in the area to cross the mountains, and it was most likely the route taken by Jedediah Smith in late spring of 1827 when leaving California at the end of his first exploratory journey, the first crossing ever of the Sierra Nevada by a non-native. The pass was later used by John Bidwell on his emigration to California.</p><br>
<p>John Ebbetts, a California pioneer, traversed the pass in April 1851 with a large train of mules. He hoped it would make a suitable route for the transcontinental railroad, as he noted little snow at the time. However, this was likely an anomaly, as the current highway is generally closed from November through May due to snow accumulation. He later surveyed near the pass for a possible railroad route, but found it unsuitable. He intended to return to the pass itself to survey it for a road but was killed in the explosion of the steamboat Secretary on San Pablo Bay in 1854 before he could do so. While the pass was referred to by his name earlier, it was not until 1893, when the USA Geological Survey surveyed the Markleeville quadrangle, that the pass was officially named after him.</p><br>
<p>The route was used only occasionally until silver was discovered east of the Sierra, and merchants in Murphys had a road constructed to Markleeville to more easily transport supplies over the pass to the miners. This became a toll road in 1862. From Markleeville, travel further eastward was taken along established routes.</p><br>
<p>It was not until the early 1950s that the road over Monitor Pass to USA Route 395 was completed, connecting the eastern terminus of State Route 4 to USA Route 395 via State Route 89 near the community of Topaz.</p><br>
<p>Ebbetts Pass was designated as a California State Scenic Highway in 1971 and was honored with National Scenic Byway status September 22, 2005 by the U.S Department of Transportation in Washington D.C. It is one of only seven nationally designated byways in California and 151 in the nation.</p><br>
<h2>Current usage</h2><br>
<p>Today, Ebbetts Pass is one of the least traveled passes in the Sierra Nevada. An extensive section of highway over the pass is less than two lanes with no dividing line. It has very steep sections with hairpin corners. The eastern slope is particularly difficult, as many of the hairpin corners are blind, and steepen suddenly at the apex, making it necessary to shift to first gear in most vehicles. It is rarely used by commercial traffic and is not recommended for vehicles towing long trailers.</p><br>
<p>Georges Island is one of the islands in the Boston Harbor, situated just over 7 mi from downtown Boston. The island has a permanent size of 39 acre, plus an intertidal zone of a further 14 acre, and rises to a height of 50 ft above sea level. Historic Fort Warren is on the island. Because of this, and since a ferry operates from Boston to the island, it is a popular destination and one of the easiest islands to access in the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. George&#39;s Iand is also home to the only Confederate memorial in Massachusetts, remembering 13 Confederate soldiers who died while imprisioned.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At the time of Euro-American colonization, Georges Island was composed of two drumlins, rising out of the bay like other nearby islands. The island was used for agriculture for 200 years until 1825 when the USA Government acquired it for coastal defense.</p><br>
<p>Over the next 20 years the island was dramatically altered, and one of the countrys finest forts was built. Dedicated in 1847, Fort Warrens defensive design was virtually obsolete upon completion. However, the fort served as a training ground, patrol point, and Civil War prison that gained a favorable reputation for the humane treatment of its Confederate prisoners. After 100 years of military use, the fort was decommissioned in 1947 and acquired by the Metropolitan District Commission for historic preservation and recreation in 1958.</p><br>
<p>To this day, in the forts dark corridors, the legend lives on of "The Lady in Black," the ghost of a Confederate prisoners wife who is said to have been sentenced to death for aiding in an escape after disguising herself as a male soldier, and hanged in a black robe which was the best the soldiers could do to accommodate her last request of being executed in female clothing. The myth was a creation of author Edward Rowe Snow to bring attention to Fort Warren need for preservation and protection. His efforts through the Friends of Fort Warren were instrumental to Georges Island&#39;s inclusion in Massachusetts State Parks and eventually National Park System.</p><br>
<h3>Present day</h3><br>
<p>The island has fields for recreational use, a small food vendor, and two mooring balls available to the public on a first-come, first-served basis. It is served throughout the summer and early fall by ferries to and from Boston and by a shuttle boat to and from the surrounding islands during the summer season.</p><br>
<p>Today the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation owns and staffs the island. Rangers patrol and give interpretive tours. The island is open to the public May through October. Georges Island is a transportation hub, as inter-island ferries run from Georges to other islands in the park. State laws prohibit alcohol, fireworks, and firearms on the island. Also, the island has a strict carry on–carry off policy for trash.</p><br>
<h4>Confederate memorial</h4><br>
<p>The Commonwealth&#39;s only Confederate memorial, a headstone which commemorate 13 southern soldiers who died while imprisoned during the Civil War at Fort Warren, will be removed and placed into storage at the Massachusetts Archives. The headstone marker was installed in 1963 by the Boston Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Governor Charlie Baker called for the removal of the memorial in June 2017.</p><br>
<p>Marmolada  is a mountain in northeastern Italy and the highest mountain of the Dolomites . It lies between the borders of Trentino and Veneto.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is located about 100 kilometres north-northwest of Venice, from which it can be seen on a clear day. It consists of a ridge running west to east. Towards the south it breaks suddenly into sheer cliffs, forming a rock face several kilometres long. On the north side there is a comparatively flat glacier, the only large glacier in the Dolomites (the Marmolada Glacier, Ghiacciaio della Marmolada).</p><br>
<p>The ridge is composed of several summits, decreasing in altitude from west to east: Punta Penia (3,343 m), Punta Rocca (3,309 m), Punta Ombretta (3,230 m), Monte Serauta (3,069 m), and Pizzo Serauta (3,035 m). An aerial tramway goes to the top of Punta Rocca. During the ski season the Marmolada&#39;s main ski run is opened for skiers and snowboarders alike, making it possible to ski down into the valley.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Paul Grohmann made the first ascent in 1864, along the north route. The south face was climbed for the first time in 1901 by Beatrice Tomasson, Michele Bettega and Bartolo Zagonel.</p><br>
<p>Until the end of World War I the border between Austria-Hungary and Italy ran over Marmolada, so it formed part of the front line during that conflict. Austro-Hungarian soldiers were quartered in deep tunnels bored into the northern faces glacier, and Italian soldiers were quartered on the south faces rocky precipices. It was also the site of fierce mine warfare on the Italian Front. As glaciers retreat, soldiers&#39; remains and belongings are occasionally discovered.</p><br>
<p>Toohey Mountain is a mountain at the eastern side of the City of Brisbane&#39;s suburb of Moorooka. The rise was named after James Toohey, an Irish born Sydneysider who made his wealth in the California gold rush, before settling in the newly formed state of Queensland. To the north of the mountain is Tarragindi Hill and Wellers Hill.</p><br>
<p>Grass Tree Ridge was the name given to the tall and long ridge that extends through parts of Tarragindi, Salisbury and Nathan, towards Sunnybank.</p><br>
<p>Toohey Mountain is the site of two small reservoirs. It lies within the Oxley Creek catchment with Rocky Waters Hole Creek draining western and southern slopes, the Norman Creek catchment to the north and Bulimba Creek&#39;s catchment to the east.</p><br>
<p>Also of note, there is an old Channel 7 rebroadcasting tower located on the Melaleuca Walking Track (about 200 m-300 m from the Madang St entrance to the Fimbriata Walking Track) which although discontinued from service for many decades has recently been restored to service as a community wireless access point by the BrisMesh, a community wireless group.</p><br>
<h2>Toohey Forest Conservation Park</h2><br>
<p>Most of the mountain is included in the Toohey Forest Conservation Park. It features many walking tracks, some of which link up with the nearby Mount Gravatt, the southside&#39;s tallest mountain and Griffith University campus in Nathan.</p><br>
<p>Lake Mungo is a dry lake located in south-eastern Australia, in the south-western portion of New South Wales. It is about 760 km due west of Sydney and 90 km north-east of Mildura. The lake is the central feature of Mungo National Park, and is one of seventeen lakes in the World Heritage listed Willandra Lakes Region. Many important archaeological findings have been made at the lake, most significantly the discovery of the remains of Mungo Man, the oldest human remains found in Australia, Mungo Woman, the oldest human remains in the world to be ritually cremated and as the location of the Lake Mungo geomagnetic excursion, the first convincing evidence that Geomagnetic excursions are a geomagnetic phenomenon rather than sedimentological.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Sediments at Lake Mungo have been deposited over more than 120,000 years. On the eastern side of the Mungo lake bed are the "Walls of China," a series of sand dunes, up to 40m in height, that stretch for more than 33 km, where most archaeological material has been found. There are three distinct layers of sands and soil forming the Walls. The oldest is the reddish Gol Gol layer, formed between 100,000 and 120,000 years ago. The middle greyish layer is the Mungo layer, deposited between 50,000 and 25,000 years ago. The most recent is the Zanci layer, which is pale brown, and was laid down mostly between 25,000 and 15,000 years ago.</p><br>
<p>The Mungo layer, which was deposited before the last ice age period, is the most archaeologically rich. Although the layer corresponded with a time of low rainfall and cooler weather, more rainwater ran off the western side of the Great Dividing Range during that period, keeping the lake full. It supported a significant human population, as well as many varieties of Australian megafauna.</p><br>
<p>During the last ice age period, the water level in the lake dropped, and it became a salt lake. This made the soil alkaline, which helped to preserve the remains left behind in the Walls. Although the lake completely dried up several thousand years ago, ground vegetation remained on the Walls, which helped to stabilise them and protect them from erosion. With the arrival of European settlers in the area since the 1880s, introduced species, notably rabbits and sheep, have destroyed the vegetation cover. Herds of feral goats are also present in the region. This has led to increased erosion of the dunes. However, this erosion has led to the uncovering of many human and animal remains. Wind has moved sand and soil eastwards from the Walls, forming a mobile sand dune which moves further east every year.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology: Lake Mungo fossils</h2><br>
<p>The most important findings at Lake Mungo have been Mungo Man and Mungo Woman. Mungo Woman, a partially cremated body, was discovered in 1969 by Dr Jim Bowler from the Australian National University (ANU). Mungo Woman was only partially cremated before the remainder of her bones were crushed. The time that was taken into her burial is demonstration of an advanced ritualistic process. She was initially estimated to be 25,000 years old, although a more recent multi-university study in 2003 determined that she was probably closer to 40,000 years old. Mungo Woman is thus the earliest known human to have been cremated. Mungo Man was also discovered by Dr Bowler, on 26 February 1974. The remains were covered with red ochre, in what is the earliest known incidence of such a burial practice. Red ochre is commonly used in burials for ritualistic purposes. The site was dating using OSL dating, or luminescence dating. The site is dated to be 60 kya. If the fossils are actually from 60 kya, the fossils would be that of archaic Homo sapiens.</p><br>
<p>There is evidence of human habitation of the area around Lake Mungo that is as much as 50,000 years old. Stone tools have been found in the dunes which are older than the Mungo Man. Grinders for making flour have been found which are estimated to be between 5,000 and 10,000 years old; they were made of sandstone sourced from the Murray River basin 100 km away. A stone axe head, estimated to be at least 500 years old, was also found in the dunes; it was made from stone from Mount Camel, near Shepparton, well over 300 km away.</p><br>
<p>Genetic evidence has supported the theory of multiple waves of hominids moving into Australia. The migration is believed to consist of two groups moving into the continent at different periods. This would imply that hominids before 60 kya had the knowledge and skill to create a sturdy and sophisticated sea craft in order to sail all the way to Australia.</p><br>
<p>The different years for which artifacts and the remains were found puts into debate the actual time in which Australia was inhabited. If it was inhabited 60 thousand years or over, it puts in question the theory that all civilizations derived from Africa. If, however, Mungo Man and Mungo Lady truly are evidence that Australia has only been inhabited for about 50,000 years, the theory of Africa is stronger than ever. This would put Mungo Man and Mungo Lady&#39;s civilization in the same time frame as other cultures that were just beginning to settle outside of Africa. The discovery of these remains is important to Archaeology because we discover the beginnings of cremation as a burial ritual and in addition we find more evidence for the "out of Africa" theory.</p><br>
<p>The rich archaeological heritage of the site is very significant to the Aboriginal Australian people from the area. The Willandra region is inhabited by the Barkindji, Nyiampaa and Mutthi Mutthi peoples, who have now entered Joint Management Agreements with the Government of New South Wales to manage the lake and the Mungo National Park.</p><br>
<h3>Lake Mungo geomagnetic excursion</h3><br>
<p>In 1972, Archaeomagnetic studies were conducted on the prehistoric aboriginal fireplaces occurring along the ancient shoreline of Lake Mungo. Magnetization preserved in oven-stones and baked hearths show that the axial dipole field moved up to 120 degrees from its normal position around 30,000 years ago. Called a geomagnetic excursion, the event occurred between 30,780 and 28,140 years BP with a very high field strength of 1 to 2×10 T (around 3.5 times higher than Earths current 5.8×10 T) which subsequently decreased to.2 to.3×10 T. There is also evidence of a second excursion around 26,000 BP with a field strength of.1 to.2×10 T. Because most of the excursions found before Lake Mungo were contained in sedimentary material, it had been suggested that the magnetic field directional anomalies were detrital or diagenetic in origin. The Lake Mungo results were due to thermoremanent magnetization, ruling out a sedimentological phenomenon.</p><br>
<p>Two excursions have been recorded in sediments from Skjonghelleren on Valderøy, Norway with the Virtual Geomagnetic Pole (VGP) of one being synchronous with Lake Mungo suggests that the Lake Mungo event was global rather than a local event. Data from lake sediments of a similar age in France having near identical magnetic field lines also support Lake Mungo being a global event. However, it has been suggested that Lake Mungo&#39;s anomalous field is the result of lightning strikes.</p><br>
<p>The Oshima Peninsula  is the southernmost part of Hokkaidō, the northernmost of the Japanese islands. Where the peninsula starts is open to interpretation. A more generous interpretation is to draw a line southeast from Ishikari Bay across the Ishikari Plain to Yufutsu. A narrower interpretation is to draw a line connecting Suttsu on the Sea of Japan and Oshamambe on Uchiura Bay. This narrow interpretation encompasses the subprefectures of Oshima and Hiyama.</p><br>
<p>At its southern end it forks into the southwest-pointing Matsumae Peninsula and the southeast-pointing Kameda Peninsula. These two peninsulas face Tsugaru and Shimokita Peninsulas of Honshū across the Tsugaru Strait. The Ōnuma Quasi-National Park is located on the peninsula.</p><br>
<p>The terrain of the peninsula is hilly, with several volcanoes and onsen hot springs. The peninsula is home to the northern city and port of Hakodate and numerous small fishing and agricultural villages.</p><br>
<p>Matsumae Castle, the northernmost castle in Japan, is located on the Oshima peninsula.</p><br>
<p>Loon Mountain is a mountain in Lincoln, New Hampshire, in Grafton County. It is in the White Mountain National Forest.</p><br>
<p>The 3,065 ft mountain is known for Loon Mountain Ski Resort, which, like most New England mountain resorts, has expanded into an all-season recreation area.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>There are two summits to Loon Mountain: the North Peak at 3,065 ft, and the South Peak at 2,807 ft above sea level. Between the two peaks and slightly to the north, at an elevation of 2,418 ft, is Loon Pond. "Loon Peak", with an elevation of 2,733 ft, is a northwest spur of North Peak. Each of the three peaks is the summit of one or more chairlifts belonging to the ski resort.</p><br>
<p>Loon Mountain is at the western end of Scar Ridge, which runs southeast to Mount Osceola and has numerous summits, the highest of which is 3,774 ft above sea level. To the southwest of Loon Mountain is 2,424 ft Russell Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The north side of Loon Mountain drains via Boyle Brook and Loon Pond Brook to the East Branch of the Pemigewasset River. To the west of the South Peak, Horner Brook drains directly to the Pemigewasset River. The southern slopes of Loon Mountain drain via Talford Brook to Eastman Brook and then into the Pemigewasset, which flows south to the Merrimack River and ultimately the Gulf of Maine.</p><br>
<p>The Lachung River is a tributary of the Teesta River located in the North Indian state of Sikkim. It is a chief tributary of the Teesta, which is an important river in Sikkim along with Rangeet River. The village of Lachung is perched on the craggy bank of the river approximately 23 km from Chungthang. It is at Chungthang where the Lachung and Lachen rivers converge and give rise to the Teesta. The river is 2,500 m above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The river has its source in a lake, deep in the Himalayas near the Indo-China border. The ragged reaches of the mountain make the place almost inaccessible. From here, the river flows down in a south-westerly direction and joins with another unknown river at a place just above Lachung village. The tributary river is also a slender one with little water in the winter. The river continues its course downwards through the Lachung valley till it meets River Lachen near Chungthang. After the confluence, it takes the name of River Teesta and flows further down. It becomes wider while travelling to Singhik and drops from altitude of 1550 to 750 m. At Singhik another tributary river joins it, called the Talung Chug. After this point the river flows to Dikchu through a deep ravine and drops to a height of 550 m. Then it cambers and reaches Singtam, which is at a height of 200 m. After Rangpo, the Teesta widens and meets the River Rangeet at Melli Bazaar.</p><br>
<p>The Lachung is perennial and receives its water from the melting waters of snow in the mountains of the Himalayan Range. The water in the river is at its maximum in summer and during the monsoon. The rainfall also adds to the water content. During the months of winter, the water flow decreases significantly.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>The Lachung has one main tributary, with which it unites near Lachung village. The water of the river is crystal clear and pure. The sparkling waters are the major source of living in the surrounding villages. There are a number of waterfalls and subsidiary streams across this river.</p><br>
<p>Huffman Prairie, also known as Huffman Prairie Flying Field or Huffman Field is part of Ohio&#39;s Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park. The 84-acre  patch of rough pasture, near Fairborn, northeast of Dayton, is the place where the Wright brothers  undertook the difficult and sometimes dangerous task of creating a dependable, fully controllable airplane and training themselves to be pilots. Many early aircraft records were set by the Wrights at the Huffman Prairie.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Wrights began using Huffman Prairie in 1904 with the permission of the fields owner, Dayton banker Torrence Huffman. Its location along an interurban rail line from the brothers hometown of Dayton provided them with easy access. The Wrights made about 150 flights at the field in 1904–1905, leading to development of the 1905 Wright Flyer III, which they considered to be the first practical airplane. This aircraft has been restored, and is now displayed at the Carillon Historical Park in Dayton.</p><br>
<p>In 1910, the Wright Company placed its testing operations at Huffman Prairie Flying Field; the Wright Company also operated its Wright Flying School on the site. Through the Flying School, the Wright Company trained more than a hundred pilots, including the aviators for the Wright Exhibition Team and early military aviators, including Henry H. "Hap" Arnold and Thomas DeWitt Milling. The United States Army Signal Corps purchased the field in 1917 and renamed it, along with 2,000 adjacent acres (8 km²), Wilbur Wright Field. In 1948 the area was merged with nearby Patterson Field to become Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.</p><br>
<h2>Huffman Prairie Flying Field Historic Site</h2><br>
<p>The National Park Service currently operates this historic site where visitors may see the place where the Wrights developed the world’s first practical airplane as well as replicas of their 1905 hangar and launching catapult. While the historic flying field is mowed short, simulating the grazed pasture used by the Wrights and allowing its use for re-enactment flights, an adjacent area of tall-grass prairie is maintained unmowed, managed instead using late-season controlled burns. A nature trail winds among the prairie&#39;s tall grasses, diverse wildflowers, and occasional shrubs. The Huffman Prairie area is located within the Air Force Base, with a separate entrance and fencing between it and an adjacent runway and other modern base facilities.</p><br>
<p>The associated Huffman Prairie Flying Field Interpretive Center is located about 2 miles (3.2 km) from the flying field near the Wright Memorial, on a hilltop overlooking Huffman Prairie and other parts of the Air Force Base. This facility addresses the specific problems Orville and Wilbur Wright encountered while they were perfecting their flying machine, their first demonstration flights in the United States and in Europe, their exhibition team, and their manufacturing facility in Dayton, Ohio. The center also highlights the continuing legacy of Orville and Wilbur Wright as embodied in the development of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and the continuing aeronautical research at this Air Force facility.</p><br>
<p>Huffman Prairie Flying Field was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1990, and added to the USA World Heritage Tentative List as part of the Dayton Aviation Sites listing in 2008. In 1986, 109 acres of the natural portion of the Huffman Prairie was designated as an Ohio Natural Area.</p><br>
<p>The Dayton indie rock band Guided by Voices has a song called "Huffman Prairie Flying Field" on their 2004 album Half Smiles of the Decomposed.</p><br>
<p>Katherine River is located in the Northern Territory, Australia. Its headwaters are in Nitmiluk National Park, it flows through the town of Katherine, and is a major tributary of the Daly River. The Katherine River drops around 384m over its 328 km length.</p><br>
<p>The first European to see and name the river was the Scottish explorer John McDouall Stuart on 4 July 1862, and named it Katherine after Catherine Chambers, the second daughter of expedition sponsor James Chambers. The major town Katherine was named after the river.</p><br>
<p>In late January, 1998, heavy rain associated with Cyclone Les raised the level of the river by more than 20 metres and flooded a large part of Katherine town. A more recent flood on 6 April 2006 caused a state of emergency to be declared. During this event the river peaked at a height of just below 19 metres at the Katherine bridge on the Stuart Highway.</p><br>
<p>The Morris–Jumel Mansion, also known as the Roger and Mary Philipse Morris House, "Mount Morris" and other similar names, located at 65 Jumel Terrace in Roger Morris Park in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, is the oldest house in the borough. It was built in 1765 by Roger Morris, a British military officer, and served as a headquarters for both sides in the American Revolution.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961, and the exterior was designated a New York City Landmark in 1967, with the interior following in 1975. It is now a house museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Roger Morris, a British military officer who was serving as a member of the Executive Council of the Province of New York, built the house in 1765 for himself and his American-born wife, Mary Philipse Morris; they lived in it for ten years, from 1765 until 1775, when the American Revolution began. Roger Morris held the position of captain in the British army during the French war, while his wife, Mary Phillipse, was daughter to speaker of the assembly Frederick Philipse. She was often described as " beautiful, fascinating, and accomplished." As British loyalists, Morris went to England at the start of the war, while his wife and family went to stay at the Philipse estate in Yonkers. Morris returned in 1777, after the city had been captured by the British, and became the Inspector of the Claims of Refugees until 1783, when he and his family left for England after the success of the Revolution.</p><br>
<p>Between September 14 and October 20, 1776, General George Washington used the mansion as his temporary headquarters after his army was forced to evacuate Brooklyn Heights following their loss to the British Army under the command of General William Howe in the Battle of Long Island. During his stay there from September 14 to October 20, 1776, Washington made note of his experience there. It is claimed that Washington not only selected the house because of its location but also because Mary Philipse had been a love interest for him twenty years before. The house also served as headquarters for the Hessians but it was quickly confiscated by newly established government within what had become the United States. During this period of confiscation, the Mansion became what was known as Calumet Hall, which was a well known tavern that ran by the Albany Post Road.</p><br>
<p>This house is one of the major remaining landmarks of Battle of Harlem Heights, after which it became the headquarters of British Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton, and the Hessian commander Baron Wilhelm von Knyphausen.</p><br>
<p>Because the Morrises were Loyalists, the house was confiscated by the Commissioners of Forfeiture at the end of the Revolution, after which it served as a farmhouse and a tavern, "Calumet Hall", a popular stop along the Albany Post Road.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was bought in 1810 by Stephen Jumel, a rich French merchant who had immigrated to the United States, as a home for himself and his wife, and former mistress, Eliza Bowen Jumel, along with their adopted Mary Bowen, who was thought to be the daughter of Elizas stepsister. position for herself as well as a life that encompassed having large amounts of wealth. Thus, she was always seen around men of power and fortune. Anxious to be accepted into New York society, the Jumels remodeled the house, adding the Federal style entrance, and redecorated the interior in the Empire style. Because they were not accepted socially in New York, the Jumels went to France in 1815, although Eliza returned from 1817–1821. She returned for good in 1826 with Stephen Jumels power of attorney, and he returned in 1828.</p><br>
<p>Eliza was subject to many accusations in both France and New York, one of them being her involvement in the unpleasant death she filed for divorce in 1834, which was granted in 1836, shortly before his death. Eliza then divided her time between Saratoga, New York, Hoboken, New Jersey and lower Manhattan. Her step-daughter&#39;s family lived with her in the mansion until 1862; Eliza Jumel died in 1865 – in her later years she became very eccentric, if not insane. The care and love she had for the mansion is represented by the 251 years it had stood where it currently is. It serves as a representation of art and culture over a period of 200 years within the New York City area.</p><br>
<p>In 1882, the Jumel heirs broke up the 115 acre of the estate into 1058 lots, upon which numerous row houses were built, some of which today make up the Jumel Terrace Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The house itself was purchased by New York City in 1903 from the owners at the time, the Earles, with the help of the Daughters of the American Revolution, and converted into a museum run by the Washington Headquarters Association; The museum opened in 1904, and was renovated and refurnished in 1945. The house is owned by the Department of Parks and Recreation, and is a member of the Historic House Trust.</p><br>
<p>During its history, the Morris–Jumel Mansion hosted many other distinguished visitors, including dinner guests John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton and John Quincy Adams.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house was built as a summer villa on a parcel comprising an area of 130 acres. Thus, the Morris property covered some distance from Harlem all to way to the Hudson River. His design included a double-height portico and triangular pediment &ndash; innovative features for 1765 &ndash; supported by grand Tuscan columns, and a two-story octagonal room at the rear of the mansion, which is believed to be the first of its kind in the country.</p><br>
<p>The remodeling by the Jumels c.1810 was in the Federal style current at the time, and included the entrance.</p><br>
<p>The house has been said to contain "some of the finest Georgian interiors in America." Today, the house is lavishly decorated with period furnishings and careful reproductions of period carpets and wallpaper. It features nine restored rooms, one of which was Washingtons office. The dining room and Eliza Jumels bedchamber, with a bed that supposedly belonged to Napoleon are also open. Personal artifacts of Roger Morris, George Washington, Eliza Jumel and Aaron Burr are part of the museums collection. An archive and reference library is located in the houses third floor.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, the museum initiated a $6 million renovation of the mansion&#39;s historic interiors to make the Jumel period more prominent. Noted art historian James Tottis was contracted as curator, with museum director Carol Ward as financial manager. Approximately half of the interior renovations had been completed as of May 2017. The renovations were postponed indefinitely in 2017 due to budget restrictions.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The mansion is located on the top of a ridge, Coogan&#39;s Bluff, from which lower Manhattan, the Hudson River including the Palisades, the Bronx, Westchester, the Long Island Sound and the Harlem River were once visible. It is located in Roger Morris Park, a New York City park within the boundaries of the Jumel Terrace Historic District, but is landmarked separately from the historic district.</p><br>
<p>The mansion overlooked Coogans Hollow and the Polo Grounds, a baseball and football stadium built in 1890 and razed in 1964. (See the Polo Grounds article for the complex history of the stadium(s).) The mansion is sometimes visible in old pictures of the ballfield that show Coogans Bluff. Today the Polo Grounds Towers stand where the stadium once was.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>On a rocky eminence overlooking one of the rivers, Fitz-Greene Halleck wrote his famous lines on the Greek patriot Marco Bozzaris.</p><br>
<p>At the beginning of his historical novel Burr (1973), author Gore Vidal recreates the wedding of Eliza Bowen-Jumel and Aaron Burr, with a detailed description of the interior of the house circa 1833, which is still evident today.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, the Morris–Jumel Mansion was featured in Bob Vilas A&E Network production Bob Vilas Guide to Historic Homes of America.</p><br>
<p>Lin-Manuel Miranda wrote portions of his 2015 musical Hamilton at the Morris–Jumel Mansion.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, the television show Ghost Adventures filmed an episode at the mansion to investigate reports of paranormal activity</p><br>
<p>Leland Stanford Mansion State Historic Park is a state and federally protected historic site in Sacramento, California.</p><br>
<p>The park is on the corner of 8th Street and N Street in Downtown Sacramento, just two blocks away from the State Capitol building.</p><br>
<h2>Stanford Mansion</h2><br>
<p>The State Historic Park features the Stanford Mansion, once owned by Leland Stanford, Governor of California from 1862 to 1863, USA Senator from 1885 to 1893, railroad tycoon, member of the Big Four and founder of Stanford University.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the reopening of the mansion, California did not have a location for the hosting of official functions for nearly 40 years. Today the mansion is frequently used by the Government of California to host foreign dignitaries. The Governor also retains an office in the mansion. Tours of the mansion are offered daily but can be impacted by official functions on behalf of the Governor&#39;s Office or the California State Legislature leadership.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was designated a California Historical Landmark in 1957 and a National Historic Landmark in 1987.</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>The original owner and builder of the home was Sacramento merchant Shelton C. Fogus, a wealthy Sacramento building merchant. The Renaissance Revival architecture of the original home is attributed to Seth Babson.</p><br>
<h4>Stanfords</h4><br>
<p>Leland Stanford, president of the Central Pacific Railroad and a rising member of the Republican Party, purchased the home for $8,000 in June 1861, shortly before his election as California governor that year. During his two-year governorship, the Stanford Mansion served as the state&#39;s executive office and living quarters. Succeeding governors Frederick Low and Henry Huntly Haight would also make the mansion their office.</p><br>
<p>Between 1871 and 1872, the Stanford family embarked on an ambitious remodeling of the residence. As Stanford had had to attend his gubernatorial inauguration by rowboat in 1862, the home was raised twelve feet in response to frequent flooding from the Sacramento River. In addition, one story was added to both the bottom and top of the mansion. The home was also expanded from 4,000 ft&sup2; to 19,000, and redesigned to reflect the French Second Empire architecture popular of the period, particularly in the 4th floor Mansard roof that caps the home. The result was a four-story remodeled architectural sandwich in which the original 2-story house sat between the added floors.</p><br>
<p>Following Stanford&#39;s death in 1893, his widow Jane Lathrop Stanford continued to oversee the home.</p><br>
<h4>Social services venue</h4><br>
<p>In 1900, Jane Stanford donated the home to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sacramento to be used for the children of California. It was given to the Sisters of Mercy who ran it as an orphanage named the Stanford and Lathrop Memorial Home for Friendless Children.</p><br>
<p>In 1932, the home was handed over the Sisters of Social Service who eventually transformed the mansion from an orphanage to a residence for dependent high school girls. A fire in the mansion in 1940 brought considerable damage to the fourth floor.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was designated a California Historical Landmark in 1957.</p><br>
<h4>State historic park</h4><br>
<p>In 1978, the government of California acquired the property for use as a state park. The Sisters of Social Services would remain on the grounds until 1987, when California State Parks designated the mansion and the immediate surrounding land as a state historic park. Following the state&#39;s decision, the National Park Service declared the mansion as a National Historic Landmark on May 28, 1987. It was not until September 2005 that the mansion would finally be open to public tours, after 20 million dollars worth of renovation and rehabilitation.</p><br>
<p>The mansion is also the state&#39;s official reception center for leaders from around the world.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>Beginning in 1991, with the help of Sacramento businessman and former Stanford University professor Peter McCuen, the Stanford Mansion underwent a 14-year renovation at the cost $22 million. Accurate restoration of the home and its rooms was aided by both an extensive study of the home in 1986 through the Historic American Buildings Survey, and through a large collection of photographs of the home taken in 1868 by Alfred A. Hart, and again in 1872 by Eadweard Muybridge.</p><br>
<p>The repairs and restoration were completed in 2005, when the mansion opened to the public. California State Parks offers guided tours through the fully refurbished home. Rooms of the house have been restored to their 1872 appearance. The Leland Stanford Mansion is physically accessible, including the gardens, Visitor Center and restrooms. Elevators provide access to the upper floors of the Mansion’s tour route. A tactile model of the Mansion is also available in the Visitor Center.</p><br>
<p>The Champlain Canal is a 60 mi canal that connects the south end of Lake Champlain to the Hudson River in New York. It was simultaneously constructed with the Erie Canal and is now part of the New York State Canal System and the Lakes to Locks Passage.</p><br>
<p>The canal was proposed in 1812 and construction authorized in 1817. By 1818, 12 mi were completed, and in 1819 the canal was opened from Fort Edward to Lake Champlain. The canal was officially opened on September 10, 1823. It was an immediate financial success, and carried substantial commercial traffic until the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Today, the enlarged barge canal provides a convenient route from the Atlantic Ocean and Hudson River to Lake Champlain for recreational boaters. The canal begins about 3 mi north of the locks at the Troy Federal Dam, at the point where the Erie Canal splits from the Hudson River. The Champlain Canal follows the Hudson River north for approximately 35 mi, with six locks providing navigation around dams on the Hudson River, until it reaches lock C-7 in Fort Edward, New York. At this point, the canal follows a constructed channel for approximately 25 mi, with five additional locks, bringing the canal to the southern end of Lake Champlain at Whitehall, New York.</p><br>
<p>The elevation on the Hudson River portion increases from 15 ft above sea level at the southern end, on the northern end of the locks at the Troy Federal Dam, to about 130 ft above sea level at lock C-7, where the canal leaves the Hudson River. The elevation of the constructed portion reaches a peak of 140 ft above sea level between locks C-9 and C-11, then declines to the level of Lake Champlain, between 94 and above sea level, at Whitehall. By traveling the length of Lake Champlain, boaters can access the Chambly Canal, which connects Lake Champlain to the Saint Lawrence Seaway.</p><br>
<h2>Locks</h2><br>
<p>The following list of locks is provided for the current canal, from south to north. There are a total of 11 locks on the Champlain Canal.</p><br>
<p>All locks on the New York State Canal System are single-chamber; the dimensions are 328 feet (100 m) long and 45 feet (13.7 m) wide with a minimum 12-foot (3.7 m) depth of water over the miter sills at the upstream gates upon lift. They can accommodate a vessel up to 300 feet (91 m) long and 43.5 feet (13.3 m) wide. Overall sidewall height will vary by lock, ranging between 28 feet (8.5 m) and 61 feet (18.6 m) depending on the lift and navigable stages.</p><br>
<p>Note: There is no Lock C10 on the Champlain Canal. The place of "Lock E1" on the passage from the lower Hudson River to Lake Erie is taken by the Troy Federal Lock, located just north of Troy, New York, and is not part of the Erie Canal System proper. It is operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The Champlain Canal officially begins at the confluence of the Hudson and Mohawk rivers at Waterford, New York.</p><br>
<p>Distance is based on position markers from an interactive canal map provided online by the New York State Canal Corporation and may not exactly match specifications on signs posted along the canal. Mean surface elevations are comprised from a combination of older canal profiles and history books as well as specifications on signs posted along the canal. The margin of error should normally be within 6 inches (15.2 cm).</p><br>
<p>All surface elevations are approximate.</p><br>
<p>Denotes Federal managed locks.</p><br>
<p>Note: The Champlain Canal breaks off the Hudson River just before Lock C7 at Fort Edward. Lake Champlain has a mean surface elevation ranging between 95 feet (29 m) and 100 feet (30.5 m), with an average elevation of around 97 feet (29.6 m). The lake officially begins on its southern end at Whitehall.</p><br>
<p>Ptolemais  was one of the five cities that formed the Pentapolis of Cyrenaica, the others being Cyrene, Euesperides , Tauchira/Teuchira , and Apollonia .</p><br>
<p>Its ruins are at a small village in modern Libya called Tolmeita (Arabic طلميتة), after the ancient name.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city was founded by and named after one of the rulers of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, probably Ptolemy III Euergetes (246–221 BC). What had been a small Greek settlement of unknown name that originated in the late 7th century BC and that acted as a port for the city of Barca, 24 km inland, he transformed into a city that enclosed 280 hectares within its walls. Ptolemais probably served as the residence of the Ptolemaic governor of the region but, in spite of its large area, its population did not rival that of Cyrene, which under Roman rule became the capital of the region that, from then on, and still today, is called Cyrenaica. However, the term "Pentapolis" also continued to be used.</p><br>
<p>Ptolemais became a Roman possession in 96 BC. It was soon included in the Roman province of Crete and Cyrenaica. With Diocletian&#39;s alteration of the administrative structure, Ptolemais became the capital of the province of Libya Superior or Libya Pentapolis. It later decayed and was replaced as capital of the province by Apollonia.</p><br>
<p>The 365 Crete earthquake struck the region and destroyed all the five major cities of the Pentapolis. Ptolemais survived the tragedy in relatively good condition. It served as capital of Cyrenaica until 428. The city was destroyed by the Vandals after they established their kingdom in 439. During the reign of Justinian I the city was rebuilt, but it never regained its powers and was again destroyed during the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb in the 7th century.</p><br>
<h2>Remains</h2><br>
<p>Buried in the sands, the town&#39;s ruins have been remarkably well preserved. Excavation of the site began in the 1930s, revealing a planned city of rectangular shape, some 1650 by 1400 metres (about one square mile) and composed of blocks of about 180 by 36 metres. It held a hippodrome, an amphitheatre and three theatres, the smallest of which, used as an odeon, was adapted for water spectacles in the 4th or 5th century.</p><br>
<p>A Roman aqueduct, probably of the time of Hadrian, brought water from 20 km away, which was stored in two large open reservoirs in the east of the city, while further west a porticoed space, now called the Square of the Cisterns, stood above a set of seventeen vaulted cisterns, capable of holding 7,000 kilolitres. These were rediscovered during the Italian occupation, when they were found to be used as a hiding place for rebels, two or three hundred of whom could easily hide in them.</p><br>
<p>West of the city stands a conspicuous and tower-like Hellenistic mausoleum, known as Qasr Faraoun. There are many chamber tombs in the quarries east and west of the city, which have yielded a few tombstones and numerous inscriptions. Important sculptures and inscriptions have also been found within the city, including imperial edicts such as that by which Diocletian attempted to fix prices.</p><br>
<p>In 2001 an archaeological mission from Warsaw University started excavations on the site.</p><br>
<p>In May 2011, a number of objects excavated from Ptolemais in 1937 and held in the vault of the National Commercial Bank in Benghazi were stolen. Looters tunnelled into the vault and broke into two safes that held the artifacts which were part of the so-called Benghazi Treasure. The objects have not been traced.</p><br>
<h2>Bishopric</h2><br>
<p>The Ptolemais of Libya, whose ruins are located near the Libyan city of Tolmeita, was also the Seat of the ancient Christian bishopric of Libya Pentapolitana.</p><br>
<p>Ptolemais became a Catholic Church diocese at an early stage, since it seems to have been the see of the Pentapolitan bishop Basilides to whom, in a letter of about 260 quoted by Eusebius, Pope Dionysius of Alexandria said he had sent a copy of a commentary on Ecclesiastes. Another early bishop of Ptolemais is Saint Theodore of Sykeon, martyred during the anti-Christian persecutions.</p><br>
<p>The First Council of Nicaea confirmed the custom whereby the bishop of Alexandria held authority over the churches in the Pentapolis, although they were not situated in the same Roman province. Accordingly, none of the bishoprics in the Pentapolis was a metropolitan see for the others, but all acted as suffragan bishops of Alexandria.</p><br>
<p>Ptolemais was the home of Arius, after whom the Arianism condemned at Nicaea in 325 was named. Secundus, who was bishop of Ptolemais and a patron of Arius, is listed among those present at the council. He refused to accept its decree and was deposed by the bishop of Alexandria, but later recovered power. His Arian successor Stephanus was deposed in about 360.</p><br>
<p>Synesius was bishop of Ptolemais from about 407 to 413, and was succeeded by his brother Evoptius, who took part in the Council of Ephesus (431), which condemned Nestorius. The acts of the Second Council of Constantinople (553) were signed by Georgius of Ptolemais. The last bishop of Ptolemais mentioned by the sources is Gabriel (6th century), the signing Archbishop Gabrielis Pentapolis.</p><br>
<p>Information on all of these can be found, for instance, in Michel Le Quien&#39;s work.</p><br>
<p>No longer a residential bishopric, Ptolemais in Libya is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.</p><br>
<p>The current archbishop, personal title, is Cyril Vasiľ, secretary of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches.</p><br>
<h3>Known Bishops</h3><br>
<p>Basilide (mentioned in about 260)</p><br>
<p>Saint Theodorus (before 321 - 325 deposited) (Aryan Bishop)</p><br>
<p>Secundus of Ptolemais (about 325) (Aryan Bishop)</p><br>
<p>Stefanus (about 360 depossed) (Aryan Bishop)</p><br>
<p>Siderio (apostolic administrator)</p><br>
<p>Synesius (about 407 - 413)</p><br>
<p>Euoptius (mentioned in 431)</p><br>
<p>Giorgio (mentioned in 553)</p><br>
<p>Gabriele</p><br>
<p>Raffaele Virili (1915 - 1925)</p><br>
<p>Cesare Orsenigo (1922 - 1946)</p><br>
<p>Carlo Angeleri (1948 - 1979)</p><br>
<p>Cyril Vasiľ (from 2009 - current)</p><br>
<p>The Girna River is a river in the state of Maharashtra in southern India. It gets its name from the goddess Giraja, also known as Parvati.</p><br>
<p>The Girna originates at Kem Peak in the Western Ghats mountain range and flows east across Nashik District—where it is joined by the Mausam River—and into Malegaon District. It then swings north to join the Tapti River. The biggest dams on it are Chankapur Dam (built by the British near Abhona in the Kalwan tehsil, where the Sarpganga River joins the Girna) and Girna Dam (built in 1969). The river basin lies on the Deccan Plateau, and its valley has fertile soil that is intensively farmed.</p><br>
<h2>About river</h2><br>
<p>The Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency described the course of the river as follows:</p><br>
<p>Owens Peak is the highest point in the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains at more than 8,400 feet. The peak stands near the center of the Owens Peak Wilderness which was designated by United States Congress in 1994, and it now has a total of 74,060 acre. The eastern watershed of Owens Peak is composed of three main canyons: Grapevine Canyon, Short Canyon, and Indian Wells Canyon . The Sierra Nevada meets the Great Basin and the Mojave Desert here, creating an unusual ecosystem.</p><br>
<p>Owens Peak is located in Kern County, about 12 miles west-northwest of Inyokern, 159 miles from Los Angeles.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Owens Peak is named after Richard Owens (1812–1902), an Ohio born explorer (aka "Owings"), who accompanied John C. Fremont on his third expedition to California (1845–1946). Fremont also named a valley, river and lake for Owens, whom he considered "cool, brave and of good judgment".</p><br>
<p>Owens served as Captain in Fremonts California Battalion during the Mexican-American War, and was Californias Secretary of State during Fremont&#39;s brief tenure as Governor (1847).</p><br>
<p>The Tacarigua River  is a river on the island of Trinidad in the country of Trinidad and Tobago. It originates in the Northern Range and drains into the Caura Valley. It passes through the town of Tacarigua in the East-West Corridor before joining the Caroni River. The Caura River is important both recreationally and culturally.</p><br>
<h2>Contamination</h2><br>
<p>Currently the Caura River is at risk to pollution from fertilizers and pesticides used by the farmers within the valley and solid waste from visitors who visit for leisure.</p><br>
<p>It was once an Arawak settlement. It was also in a sea of controversy as it was a proposed site for the building of a dam in 1943. And though it was started, it was never completed to this day, and equipment for the construction of this proposed dam still lies there to date. The money was embezzled and still cannot be accounted for. After this fiasco, there were successful attempts to turn Caura into a park for aesthetic purposes and this has proved well done.</p><br>
<p>However, due to the recent spate of crime which has risen to plague the country, it has become a favorite hot spot for crime, with visitors reporting items stolen from their cars, as well as armed robberies.</p><br>
<p>Naruko is a stratovolcano located in Ōsaki, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. The volcano consists of a 7 km wide caldera with several lava domes. The summit of the 461 m high Mt. Kurumigatake is one of the four lava domes located in the center of the caldera. The volcano is well known because of its relationship to the Naruko Hot Springs Villages. However, its lack of well-defined features makes it difficult to recognize for a casual observer. The Japan Metrological Agency considers Naruko to be an active volcano.</p><br>
<p>The Naruko volcano was formed through two pyroclastic flows, which occurred 73,000 and 45,000 years ago. The first lava domes were formed approximately 20,000 years ago. The rocks produced by the pyroclastic flows and lava domes vary in composition, but are generally dacitic. Subsequent volcanic activity continued to create more lava domes, while also resulting in explosive eruptions that destroyed such domes. Tephra created by an explosive eruption approximately 18,000 years ago is said to be related to the formation of Katanuma lake. The lake is located in the center of the volcano, and is known as one of the most acidic lakes in Japan, with a pH around 1.6.</p><br>
<p>The only known historical eruption of the volcano is recorded in the Shoku Nihon Kōki. According to the document, "In 837, the Naruko volcano suddenly began to tremble for several days and finally exploded, spouting hot water which ran like a river. The people were surprised and reported this event to the imperial court, which enshrined a hot spring god." This event is believed to be a relatively small phreatic eruption that resulted in the collapse of a lava dome. This also led to the present-day name of the volcano, which is said to be derived from "narugō" (鳴郷) or "naru koe no sato" (鳴る声の郷), which literally means "the place with a trembling sound."</p><br>
